Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases最新文献

{"title":"A passion for paediatrics and infection control","authors":"A. Dramowski","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i2.380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i2.380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47253049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hope and challenges working at the frontiers of medical knowledge","authors":"G. Meintjes","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i2.405","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i2.405","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44243613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"D-dimers in omicron versus delta: A retrospective analysis.","authors":"Alon H Shulman,&nbsp;Barry Jacobson,&nbsp;Bradley M Segal,&nbsp;Amber Khan,&nbsp;Jessica Trusler,&nbsp;Lindsay Earlam,&nbsp;Guy Shemesh","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.484","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infection with SARS-CoV-2 has shown to cause an increase in D-dimers, which correlate with severity and prognosis for in-hospital mortality. The B.1.617.2 (delta) variant is known to cause a raised D-dimer level, with data on D-dimers in the B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant being scarce.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the effect of age, gender and SARS-CoV-2 variant on the D-dimer in South Africans admitted to tertiary medical centres from May 2021 to December 2021.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study was performed retrospectively on 16 010 adult patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Age, gender, SARS-CoV-2 PCR and D-dimer levels on admission were collected from two national laboratories. Admissions from 01 May 2021 to 31 October 2021 were classified as B.1.617.2, whereas admissions from 01 November 2021 to 23 December 2021 were classified as B.1.1.529 infections.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Omicron infections had a median D-dimer level of 0.54 µg/mL (95% CI: 0.32, 1.08, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that infection with omicron had a 34.30% (95% CI: 28.97, 39.23) reduction in D-dimer values, compared with delta infections. Middle aged, aged and aged over 80 years had D-dimer results greater than the adult baseline (42.6%, 95% CI: 38.0, 47.3, 124.6%, 95% CI: 116.0, 133.7 and 216.1%, 95% CI: 199.5, 233.3). Males on average had a 7.1% (95% CI: 4.6, 9.6) lower D-dimer level than females.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Infection with the B.1.1.529 variant, compared with B.1.617.2 variant, had significantly lower D-dimer levels, with age being a more significant predictor of D-dimer levels, than gender and SARS-CoV-2 variant of infection.</p><p><strong>Contribution: </strong>This study provides novel insight into the hypercoagulable impact of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, which can guide the management of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"484"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9724093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10379738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monkeypox: Is the 'vacated niche' being filled?","authors":"Jacqueline Weyer,&nbsp;Lucille H Blumberg","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.479","url":null,"abstract":"No abstract available.","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"479"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9772718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10435854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aetiology of genital ulcer disease and associated factors among Mthatha public clinic attendees.","authors":"Thembisa R Tshaka,&nbsp;Ravesh Singh,&nbsp;Teke R Apalata,&nbsp;Zizipho Z A Mbulawa","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.444","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Genital ulcer disease (GUD) is a sexually transmitted disease characterised by ulcerating lesions. Despite the introduction of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) syndromic management approach into primary healthcare in South Africa (SA) in 1995, the prevalence of STIs in South Africa remains high.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The study investigated the aetiology of GUD and factors influencing it among public community health centre (CHC) attendees in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 105 participants were recruited among individuals presenting with GUD from three CHCs located in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Blood and genital ulcer samples were collected from consented participants. Blood samples with suitable sera were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and syphilis. Herpes simplex virus types 1/2 (HSV-1/2), <i>Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi</i> and <i>Klebsiella granulomatis</i> were detected in nucleic acid extracted from genital ulcer specimens.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 98 samples with suitable sera, 55.1% and 8.2% were HIV and syphilis seropositive, respectively. Ulcerating STI pathogens were detected in 31.4% of the study participants. Herpes simplex virus type 2 was the most detected pathogen (16.2%) followed by <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> (10.5%), HSV-1 (8.6%), <i>Haemophilus ducreyi</i> (8.6%) and <i>Treponema pallidum</i> (6.7%). Multiple pathogens were detected in 13.3% of participants. Detected multiple ulcerating pathogens were common among HIV-positives (<i>p</i> = 0.016).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Molecular methods for diagnosing pathogens have the potential to improve the management of GUD. Data generated from this study would contribute to the limited data on GUD in the Eastern Cape Province. Further research with a larger sample size is recommended.</p><p><strong>Contribution: </strong>Data generated would contribute to the limited data on GUD in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9772736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10435858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying gaps in hand hygiene practice to support tailored target audience messaging in Soweto: A cross-sectional community survey.","authors":"Siobhan L Johnstone,&nbsp;Nicola A Page,&nbsp;Michelle J Groome,&nbsp;Shabir A Madhi,&nbsp;Portia Mutevedzi,&nbsp;Juno Thomas","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Effective risk communication is essential for outbreak mitigation, as recently highlighted during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Hand hygiene is one of the proposed public health interventions to protect against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) acquisition and transmission along with social distancing, improved ventilation, environmental cleaning, and wearing of masks. Improving hand hygiene practices in the community requires an understanding of the socio-behavioural context. This cross-sectional community survey in Soweto identified gaps in hand hygiene, which can inform appropriate messaging at the community level. Only 42% of survey respondents practiced adequate hand hygiene. Tailored educational messaging should be targeted at young adults in particular, and the importance of soap for hand hygiene must be emphasised for all age groups. Risk communication should expand to focus on preventing multiple infectious diseases during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"339"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8991282/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9349023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adherence to a care bundle for <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> bacteraemia: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Elizabeth M Gatley,&nbsp;Tom Boyles,&nbsp;Sipho Dlamini,&nbsp;Marc Mendelson,&nbsp;Phiona E Namale,&nbsp;Peter J Raubenheimer,&nbsp;Sean Wasserman","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.445","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> bacteraemia is associated with high hospital mortality. Improvements in outcome have been described with standardised bundles of care.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To study the adherence of a standardised bundle of care (BOC) recommendations using a consultation pro forma, for all patients admitted with <i>S. aureus</i> bacteraemia to Groote Schuur Hospital over a year. The study further aimed to describe the 90-day mortality in these patients and to assess for an association between adherence to the bundle of care and outcome.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A retrospective audit of all unsolicited infectious disease consultations for patients with <i>S. aureus</i> bacteraemia admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital during 2018. Adherence to recommendations of a standard bundle of care was audited.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 86 patients were included in the study: 61 (71%) with hospital-associated infection and 25 (29%) with community-associated infection. Over 80% of adherence to treatment recommendations was achieved regarding antibiotic (including vancomycin) usage, source control and use of echocardiography as required. In-hospital mortality was 16%, while the overall 90-day mortality was 18%, with only age as an independent predictor of mortality. No association between adherence to the bundle of care and outcome was found.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adherence to a simple, structured bundle of care was good when using standardised pro forma as communication tools for advice and a structured antibiotic chart for vancomycin administration. Although adherence was not associated with outcome, the overall mortality for <i>S. aureus</i> bacteraemia was improving in the institution under study.</p><p><strong>Contribution: </strong>Our findings support feasibility and ongoing use of bundles of care for <i>S. aureus</i> bacteraemia in similar settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9724142/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10379737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multisystem cytomegalovirus end-organ disease in a patient with advanced HIV.","authors":"Ruan Spies,&nbsp;Pierre Joubert,&nbsp;Dharshnee Chetty,&nbsp;Sipho Dlamini,&nbsp;Muhammed S Moosa","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is common in people living with HIV, but multisystem CMV end-organ disease (EOD) is rare following the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy. We present the case of a patient with advanced HIV and multisystem manifestations of CMV EOD.</p><p><strong>Contributions: </strong>This case report highlights the potential morbidity and mortality associated with CMV disease in patients with advanced HIV. Clinicians should be vigilant in considering CMV EOD in patients with advanced HIV and visual, neurological and gastointestinal symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9724097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10379736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case Report: A woman with pelvic hydatid disease.","authors":"Nabeela Adam","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.455","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydatid disease is found in many low-income countries, where humans are deemed accidental hosts. Bone hydatid disease is a rare entity as the lungs and liver are usually the target organs. However, there are currently a handful of case reports around the world with bone hydatid disease.</p><p><strong>Contribution: </strong>We present South Africa's first case report of pelvic hydatid disease and looking to uncover some treatment options for this patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9724124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10371692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The preference of women living with HIV for the HPV self-sampling of urine at a rural HIV clinic in Uganda.","authors":"Agnes Nyabigambo,&nbsp;Roy W Mayega,&nbsp;Hilbert Mendoza,&nbsp;Aslam Shiraz,&nbsp;John Doorbar,&nbsp;Lynn Atuyambe,&nbsp;Themba G Ginindza","doi":"10.4102/sajid.v37i1.414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4102/sajid.v37i1.414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women living with HIV have a double risk of acquiring cervical cancer (CC) due to repeated human papilloma virus (HPV) infections resulting from reduced immunity, with CC screening being low at 46.7%.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the factors associated with the preference for HPV self-sampling using urine as well as establish its feasibility among women living with HIV attending a rural HIV clinic in Uganda.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A cross-sectional study design using quantitative data collection methods was used at the HIV clinic, Luweero District Hospital, among 426 women aged between 30 and 65 years. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and modified Poisson regression. Urine samples were analysed using a Liferiver high-risk HPV genotyping real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kit to determine the prevalence of the 15 HPV subtypes. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2) was determined by visual inspection under acetic acid (VIA) using the nurse-led approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most women (296/426, 70%) preferred nurse-led screening. Preference for HPV self-sampling using urine was associated with older age (46-65 years) (adjusted prevalence risk ratios [aPRR] 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-2.24), history of sexually transmitted infections (aPRR 0.74: 95% CI: 0.55-0.98) and acquisition of CC information from the television (aPRR 1.48: 95% CI: 1.09-2.02). Approximately 97% (68/70) of women living with HIV tested HPV positive with one or more subtypes. The most prevalent subtype of HPV was HPV 58 (87.1%). Only one woman tested positive with VIA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Nurse-led CC screening is preferred among women living with HIV, and HPV self-sampling using urine is feasible at the HIV clinic. Therefore, educational programmes to reassure the masses about urine HPV self-sampling need to be designed.</p><p><strong>Contribution: </strong>This study's findings provide early insights into the merits and demerits of the current HPV sample collection approaches. Hence, HPV testing should be tailored to routine HIV care in rural communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":44007,"journal":{"name":"Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases","volume":"37 1","pages":"414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9772712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10435860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}