Lexikos最新文献

{"title":"Phonological Inclusion, and Exclusion, Regarding South African English in the Online OED","authors":"Alex Baratta","doi":"10.5788/33-1-1817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/33-1-1817","url":null,"abstract":"This article approaches the subject of inclusivity and diversity from a phonological perspective, as applied to the online Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Specifically, the pronunciation guide within the OED entry for South African English (SAE) is investigated. On the one hand, that the OED provides a list of World Englishes is a step forward in terms of diversity, avoiding the linguistic hegemony of British and American English, for example. On the other hand, the pronunciation guide for SAE relies on a rather singular variety — that reflective of white South Africans. Moreover, the OED pronunciation guides for all varieties of English reflect \"educated urban speakers of standard English\". Therefore, the pronunciation guide is exclusive regarding race and class, and thus additional varieties of SAE are not represented. As such, while the OED, as a trusted source, has made efforts to address linguistic diversity, more work needs to be done in this area. Keywords: pronunciation, accent, White South African English, great trichotomy, exclusivity, language attitudes","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135953942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Language of Ethnic Conflict in English Online Lexicography: Ethnophaulisms in \"powered by Oxford\" Lexico.com","authors":"Silvia Pettini","doi":"10.5788/33-1-1816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/33-1-1816","url":null,"abstract":"This article aims to explore the relationship between the language of ethnic conflict (Allen 1983; Palmore 1962) and English online lexicography in the present cultural moment. Given the influence of the Internet on dictionary consulting (Béjoint 2016; Jackson 2017) and the alarming increase of racism and xenophobia, especially online, at the global level in this digital age (see Gagliardone et al. 2015), this article presents a pilot study examining the treatment of \"ethnophaulisms\" (Roback 1944), commonly referred to as ethnic or racial slurs, in the \"powered by Oxford\" dictionary content, which is licensed for use to technology giants like Google, Microsoft, and Apple by Oxford University Press (Ferrett and Dollinger 2021; Pettini 2021). In particular, the analysis focuses on the online edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English, as hosted on the \"powered by Oxford\" Lexico.com website. Preliminary findings show how this free online dictionary mirrors the taboo and discriminatory nature of ethnophaulisms and warns the Internet user against the derogatory and offensive power of these words. Keywords: English lexicography, online dictionaries, linguistic racism, xenophobia, hate speech, ethnic slurs, ethnophaulisms, Oxford Dictionary of English, lexico.com","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135954043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Concept of Lexicographic Condensation: A Review of and Perspectives on Digital Lexicography","authors":"M.ª Teresa Fuentes Morán","doi":"10.5788/33-1-1824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/33-1-1824","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the concept of lexicographic textual condensation in order to determine its role in digital lexicography. Current interpretations of this concept, which was origi­nally coined for printed dictionaries, are analysed. Special emphasis is placed on the relevant dif­ferentiation between the various textual levels in which the content of these works are distributed and on the difference between pri­mary and secondary condensation. Examples from English–Spanish digital dictionaries will be explored in order to answer the question of how condensation is pre­sented in these works and what types of components or items are particularly affected by it. Finally, meaning of condensation forms in cur­rent dictionaries based on the reading approaches applied to reference works is dis­cussed. We support the argument that these forms are intrinsic to the type of text that we call a dictionary, and that the reasons behind condensation mechanisms are not limited to mere spatial constraints, but that these, together with other formal aspects, can make it easier to find the desired answers through a nonlinear reading process that is generally and legitimately applied to diction­aries. Keywords: digital lexicography, printed lexicography, lexicographic textual condensation, theory of the form of dictionaries, primary lexi­co­graphic condensation, secondary lexicographic condensation, bilingual English–Spanish lexicography, microstructure, referencing, natural lan­guages","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135954698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Mental Lexicon in Lexicography: The Diccionarios Valladolid-UVa","authors":"Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera","doi":"10.5788/32-1-1712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1712","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the possibility of making dictionaries that take into consideration the mental lexicon, i.e. words do not work in isolation; instead, they are dynamic constructs that are activated, stored, processed and retrieved gradually. For that, it proposes several general lexicographical and methodological ideas and illustrates them referring to their implementation in the Diccionarios Valladolid-UVa: (a) dictionary types are a thing of the past; (b) words are not only holistic products but also processes that are always on the move; consequently their descriptions in dictionaries must be as complete and precise as possible; (c) dictionaries must be equipped with dynamic search system, e.g. systems for allowing human and machine-users search and retrieve a la carte, e.g. in a speaking situation; (d) there must be a huge number of words and other data types for describing each meaning and usage of each lemma, thus favoring the creation of patterns and the learning process associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI); (e) designing and making online dictionaries is a cooperative process in which lexicographers and several types of experts must participate; (f) the main task of lexicographers is the preparation of lexicographical data, which can be used in many different forms, formats and usages, being the making of dictionaries one of them.","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71035608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The South African National Lexicography Units — Two Decades Later","authors":"Mariëtta Alberts","doi":"10.5788/32-3-1729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/32-3-1729","url":null,"abstract":"The lexicography practice in South Africa has distinctive features and to a great extent relates to the political dispensation current at a given period. During the previous political dispensation only two dictionary units existed in South Africa that were state funded, namely the Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT) and the Dictionary for South African English (DSAE). These dictionary units, therefore have a long dictionary history. Some of the African languages, such as Xhosa, Zulu, Tswana and Northern Sotho also had dictionary units at the time but they were situated at and funded by tertiary institutions. The current national government requires dictionaries in all official languages for proper communication in languages the citizens understand best, i.e. their respective mother tongues. The Pan-South African Language Board (PanSALB), established in 1996, was a direct consequence of the country's new multilingual dispensation. This dispensation required equal rights for all the official languages and the legislation governing PanSALB was therefore amended to allow for equal justice to all dictionary projects for the official South African languages. This led to the establishment of national lexicography units for each of the official South African languages. A strategic planning process conducted at the Bureau of the Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal not only influenced the lexicography practice at the Bureau, but also had a huge impact on the newly established national lexicography units (NLUs). Both the articles published in Lexikos, that originated in 1991, and the activities of the African Association for Lexicography (AFRILEX), established in 1995, have a huge influence on the activities of the NLUs. Although the NLUs are already 21 years old and should officially be of age, the question remains whether they really gained their independence. This article focusses on the heritage of the Bureau of the WAT as National Lexicography Unit for Afrikaans and the example that it has set to the other NLUs. Keywords: academic journal, association, communication, dictionary, feasibility study, human language technologies, language for special purposes, legislation, lexicography, management, national lexicography units, strategic planning, terminography, terminology","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"206 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71036069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical Lexicography at Work: Reflections and Proposals for Eliminating Gender Bias in General Dictionaries of Spanish","authors":"Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera, S. Tarp","doi":"10.5788/32-2-1699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/32-2-1699","url":null,"abstract":"This study highlights the fact that dictionaries are ideological texts that are very influential, because millions of people regard them as sources of authority. It shows that existing general dictionaries of Spanish are so gender-biased that they contribute to the upholding of unfair situations, for example, by making women invisible and maintaining gendered traditions based on male-centred power and ideology. In order to avoid such an unfair situation, we introduce several new ideas regarding the question of language and gender. We also show how this can be put into practice in a dictionary portal that we are constructing at the time of writing this article. Therefore, this article offers several specific solutions with the aim of making women lexicographically visible, promoting the use of inclusive language in public and private discourse and eliminating gendered practices. Keywords: inclusive language, dictionary, Spanish, ideology, profession nouns","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71036440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turning Bilingual Lexicography Upside Down: Improving Quality and Productivity with New Methods and Technology","authors":"S. Tarp","doi":"10.5788/32-1-1686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1686","url":null,"abstract":"This is a report from the real world. It informs about the outcome of a project, which the author conducted during a months-long research stay at the Danish company Ordbogen where he integrated its research and development (R&D) team. The first part of the project was to test machine translation and find out to what extent it is usable in the compilation of bilingual lexico­graphical databases. The hypothesis was that the technology was not yet mature. But surprisingly, it turned out that the accuracy rate is already so high that it is worth considering how to implement it. The second part of the project aimed at further developing an idea formulated by Fuertes-Olivera et al. (2018) on how to invert a dictionary without losing semantic content. The new vision is to compile a mono­lingual L2 database, bilingualize it to an L2–L1 database using machine trans­lation, and then invert the relationship between L2 lemmata and L1 equivalents using the L1 defi­ni­tions of the L2 lemmata as the axis. The third part of the project was to test this idea using a specially designed ad hoc pro­gram. The program automatically uploads relevant data from existing lexico­graphical databases, translates L2 definitions and example sentences into L1, suggests adequate L1 equivalents, and eventually inverts the relationship between the two languages. It worked, but the methodology still needs further refinement to be implementable on a large scale. The report con­cludes by listing some of the remaining challenges and defining the new role of the lexicog­rapher in this type of project. Keywords: lexicographical r&d, interdisciplinary collaboration, digital technology, bilingual lexicography, lexicographical databases, machine translation, automatic inversion, object language, auxiliary language, human versus artificial lexicographer","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71035888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mariusz Piotr Kamiński. Defining with Simple Vocabulary in English Dictionaries.","authors":"T. Herbst","doi":"10.5788/32-1-1694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/32-1-1694","url":null,"abstract":"This book must be the most thorough and comprehensive up-to-date account of restricted vocabularies of the English language. In the Introduction, the author formulates six research questions, which partly aim at the design of different restricted vocabularies, and, partly focus on the effectiveness of definitions based on restricted vocabularies. Chapter 1 traces the development of restricted vocabularies back to the 17th century and outlines important stages such as Isaac Pitman's and Kaeding's shorthand systems. The author then makes a distinction between (a) the frequency-based objective approach taken by scholars such as Thorndike and Horn, (b) a more pedagogically oriented approach associated with Harold Palmer and Michael West, and (c) a logical approach attributed to Ogden and Richards, and discusses the pros and cons of each of them. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to a very detailed outline and critical discussion of Michael West's famous and influential General Service List. He comes back to the GSL after outlining a number of word list projects that were designed for pedagogical purposes in Chapter 2, which also deals with human-computer communication projects and Wierzbicka's theory of a semantic metalanguage.","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"98 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71035904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards an Evolutional Chain of English Dictionary Paradigms from the Linguistic Perspective","authors":"Heming Yong","doi":"10.5788/32-2-1704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/32-2-1704","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to unfold, by tracing the evolutional thread of English dictionaries from their earliest roots to present state from the linguistic perspective, a coherent and complete picture of how English dictionary making develops from its archetype to the prescriptive, the his­torical, the descriptive and finally to the cognitive form. It builds up an integrated chain of English dictionary paradigms and demonstrates how English lexicography develops into its modern form through inheritance, innovation and self-perfection. Keywords: English lexicography, dictionary paradigms, archetype, Latin tradition, prescriptivism, descriptivism, diachronism, cognitivism","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71035988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lexikos and AFRILEX — A Perfect Lexicographic Liaison","authors":"Mariëtta Alberts","doi":"10.5788/32-2-1695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5788/32-2-1695","url":null,"abstract":"After in-depth discussions with interested parties in 1991 the Bureau of the Woorde­boek van die Afrikaanse Taal (WAT) realized that the future of Afrikaans is inextricably connected with that of the other existing and utilized languages in South Africa. One of the results of the dis­cussions was the establishment in 1991 of an academic journal Lexikos in the AFRILEX Series. An external feasibility study was also conducted on behalf of the Board of Control of the Bureau of the WAT to determine the possibility for the establishment of an Institute for Southern African Lexi­cog­raphy. The results of the feasibility study indicated that respondents did not want another bureau­cratic institution. A major result of the feasibility study, however, was the establishment in 1995 of a professional association, the African Association for Lexicography, that concentrates exclu­sively on lexicographical issues. The Bureau of the WAT gave permission to the new association to use the acronym \"AFRILEX\". The Pan-South African Language Board (PanSALB), also established in 1995, was a direct consequence of the country's new multilingual dispensation. The legislation governing PanSALB was amended to allow for equal justice to all dictionary projects for the official South African languages. This led to the establishment of national lexicography units for each of the offi­cial South African languages. Both the activities of AFRILEX and the articles published in Lexikos have a huge influence on the activities of the national lexicography units. Keywords: association, communication, dictionary, feasibility study, journal, language for special purposes, legislation, lexicography, national lexicography units, terminography, terminology","PeriodicalId":43907,"journal":{"name":"Lexikos","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71036057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}