INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE最新文献

History of linguistic science of the Austroasiatic group of languages with special reference to the Mon-Khmer and Northern Munda languages of India: Retrospect and prospect 奥斯特罗西亚语族语言科学史，特别是印度孟高棉语和北孟达语：回顾与展望

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00137-0

Satarupa Dattamajumdar Saha

{"title":"History of linguistic science of the Austroasiatic group of languages with special reference to the Mon-Khmer and Northern Munda languages of India: Retrospect and prospect","authors":"Satarupa Dattamajumdar Saha","doi":"10.1007/s43539-024-00137-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43539-024-00137-0","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific enquiries of the Austroasiatic languages date to the first half of the 19th Century and gained momentum in the first half of the 20th Century. The study delineates the history of the development of Austroasiatic linguistic genealogy and the establishment of the Stammbaum. The scientific studies of sub-groups (spoken in India) like—Mon-Khmer (Khasi and Nicobarese) and Northern Munda (Ho, Korku, Mundari, and Santali) are considered integral to the present work as these are major language groups of the Austroasiatic family. The inter-ethnic connection and the genetic relationship of this Austroasiatic group living in India with those in mainland Southeast Asia have been established with scientific enquiries into these languages. This has not only revealed information regarding the chronological development of the scientific studies of the languages at different levels of linguistic analysis but also focuses on the change of dimensions of the enquiries across time and space. The language structure, being the remnants of the discourse of the past forms, the comparative linguistic enquiries of the less explored Austroasiatic languages have the potential to engage us to establish the cognate relationship on a stronger footing. This has been considered a prerequisite to language planning, feeding the Government's ‘Act East Policy’. Revisiting the ethnolinguistic connections with the speech communities of Southeast Asia can help in nation-building vision by reinforcing the age-old genetic connection by means of international co-operation and co-ordination in the fields of language, culture, and economy.","PeriodicalId":43899,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Understanding the various scientific theories in the history of science 了解科学史上的各种科学理论

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00135-2

Jun-Young Oh

{"title":"Understanding the various scientific theories in the history of science","authors":"Jun-Young Oh","doi":"10.1007/s43539-024-00135-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43539-024-00135-2","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research is to explore the philosophical position of various scientific theories based on the history and philosophy of science. This is because the philosophy of science, which has usually dealt mainly with epistemology and methodology, is extended to the concern of problems of ontology, that is, metaphysics. Determinism, which is rooted in the metaphysical belief that objective scientific knowledge exists independently of humankind’s perception, is comparable to a well-defined mechanism and can be described as “mathematization” of objective scientific knowledge—this is exemplified in the natural laws of dynamics established by Newton, Einstein, and Schrödinger. Conversely, if we move away from determinism, we need anthropomorphic concepts such as “possibility” and “contingency” to define the laws of nature. This paper investigates the shift from classical deterministic thought to the contingently perceived probabilistic theory, changes in scientific theories from a naturalistic viewpoint, and the convergence of theories achieved through this process. Since Darwin announced his theory of evolution, natural sciences have steadily undergone a shift from endeavoring to name, classify, and measure to emphasizing the transience of things, historical interest, and theorization. On the other hand, weak determinism states that things in the world are inevitable but also coincidental. Because there are coincidences, even if we know the current state of an object accurately, we cannot know its future state accurately; we can only know it probabilistically. It seems that things in the world occur through both necessity and coincidence and are not strictly determined. This kind of probabilistic weak determinism can be said to correspond to quantum theory and evolution theory.","PeriodicalId":43899,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Decision theory and probability theory: Pascal’s wager and pre-modern Indian lotteries 决策理论和概率论：帕斯卡尔赌注和印度前现代彩票

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00130-7

Harald Wiese

引用次数: 0

On the calculation of the Moon’s latitude in Indian astronomy 关于印度天文学中月球纬度的计算

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00132-5

Anil Narayanan

引用次数: 0

Historical perspectives of critical care in India and worldwide 印度和全球重症监护的历史视角

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00134-3

Ujjwala Murkute

{"title":"Historical perspectives of critical care in India and worldwide","authors":"Ujjwala Murkute","doi":"10.1007/s43539-024-00134-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43539-024-00134-3","url":null,"abstract":"This article highlights and describes the important historical developments in critical care medicine worldwide, including India’s initial journey in this field. The concept of critical care is modern; however, its underlying foundations are profound and have their starting point in the work of Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister, who laid the foundation for scientific developments in medicine. The routes of critical care can also be found in the contribution of Florence Nightingale in the 1850s during the Crimean War, which included the concept of separate geographical areas for those who were sicker than others. With the emergence of this concept, the establishment of separate post-operative units, the formation of shock wards, the use of artificial airways and mechanical ventilators, the constant evolution of biomedical technology, etc., further led to advancements in critical care medicine. In India, critical care remained focused on cardiac and respiratory care in its initial days but later expanded to involve other unstable patients. The private sector took the lead in establishing separate critical care units, followed by government teaching hospitals. In the current era, critical care medicine represents tremendous growth in the field of biotechnology, innovative communication approaches, the use of multi-disciplinary approach, and essentially the use of evidence-based practices. Furthermore, the emergence of precision medicine has started influencing treatment choices and healthcare decisions to provide more personalized medical care.","PeriodicalId":43899,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The paleodietary reconstruction of Roopkund skeletons through trace element analysis 通过痕量元素分析重建罗布肯德骨骼的古饮食结构

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00131-6

Sanjiv Kumar Juyal

引用次数: 0

Turagagati method for 4 × 4 pandiagonal magic squares by Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita 的 4 × 4 对角魔方图拉加蒂法

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00127-2

Varuneshwar Reddy Mandadi, D. G. Sooryanarayan, K. Ramasubramanian

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Locating Indian knowledge in modern libraries: Incorporating the traditional classification of knowledge in India 在现代图书馆中查找印度知识：将印度传统知识分类纳入其中

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00121-8

J. K. Bajaj, M. D. Srinivas

引用次数: 0

Politics, industrialization and technical education in colonial India: A case study of Imperial Institute of Sugar Technology, Kanpur 印度殖民地时期的政治、工业化和技术教育：坎普尔帝国制糖技术学院案例研究

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00126-3

Prakrati Bhargava

{"title":"Politics, industrialization and technical education in colonial India: A case study of Imperial Institute of Sugar Technology, Kanpur","authors":"Prakrati Bhargava","doi":"10.1007/s43539-024-00126-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43539-024-00126-3","url":null,"abstract":"How did the European industrialists influence the nature and form of the course in sugar chemistry and technology, as well as its standard and form of training at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur? This course led to the Imperial Institute of Sugar Technology's establishment (renamed National Sugar Institute after independence) in 1937 at Kanpur. The overwhelming presence of Europeans in the sugar industry until the 1920s gave European industrialists an influential role in deciding policy for technical education in colonial India. Although the sugar industry became a prominent political arena for Indian industrialists after the tariff protection of 1932, technical education for industrialization was not a serious concern for industrialists. The paper examines the process of initiating advanced courses for sugar chemists and technologists at HBTI by the second decade of the twentieth century. Proceedings of the Department of Industries of the Government of India and the United Provinces and official reports are analyzed to understand the political and social underpinning of the process of setting up a sugar technology course at HBTI, which subsequently emerged as an independent institute for sugar technology named as Imperial Institute of Sugar Technology Kanpur.","PeriodicalId":43899,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Brief history of semiconductor science and technology and India’s role in the decade after the invention of transistor 半导体科学技术简史和印度在晶体管发明后十年中的作用

INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI: 10.1007/s43539-024-00125-4

P. K. Basu

{"title":"Brief history of semiconductor science and technology and India’s role in the decade after the invention of transistor","authors":"P. K. Basu","doi":"10.1007/s43539-024-00125-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s43539-024-00125-4","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a brief history of semiconductor science and technology and examines the role of Indian scientists in the decade following the invention of the transistor. The paper first outlines the development towards identifying and understanding the special characteristics of semiconductors. The current understanding of the physics of semiconductors and their properties are briefly mentioned thereafter. A chronological listing of different works, starting from the first report by Volta in 1782 and other scientists, is given, and how their findings gave evidence to this special class of materials is pointed out. In the list, a brief mention is also made about J. C. Bose’s invention of the first semiconductor device and his work related to materials, later identified as semiconductors. This listing, with a brief mention, continues by outlining the progress towards developing semiconductor science and technology until the end of World War II. The invention of the transistor, announced on December 23, 1947 created a boom in activities worldwide in semiconductors, improvement in device performance, and announcement of newer semiconductor devices. Indian research in this area over the decade after the invention of the transistor is identified. International research had been in full swing in this period, and some of these developments that paved the way for the invention of integrated circuits in 1958–1960 are listed and discussed. Finally, the reasons are sought for limited work and the general unawareness or lack of interest of Indian workers in this important area, leading to the present Information Age, compared to international activity.","PeriodicalId":43899,"journal":{"name":"INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0