{"title":"Equipment used for electrical safety-related isolation on industrial machines","authors":"W.E. Anderson","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201496","url":null,"abstract":"On an industrial machine there is often more than one entry point that might be used during the operation and maintenance functions. Typically the lockout tag-out procedures prior to entering the machine has been done using series connected conventional load break disconnect switches. Unfortunately the required verification is problematic for applications requiring only one disconnect switch and almost impossible when more than one disconnect switch is applied. This paper reviews some of the problems and proposed solutions. The context of this paper is energy from electrical sources and does not address other energy sources that may be present on a particular machine.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124865122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Static discharge hazard in explosive atmospheres","authors":"R. E. Nabours","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201489","url":null,"abstract":"Explosive atmospheres can exist in many environments including industrial, commercial and residential locations. If an electrical discharge such as a switching arc or the spark from a static discharge occurs in an explosive atmosphere with the necessary minimum energy to ignite the fuel present, an explosion may result. This paper describes a situation that can exist for the static discharge ignition of gasoline vapor during a refueling process. A case is described which resulted in an explosion and ignition of gasoline at a commercial service station while a vehicle was being refueled. A live video recording was made of the incident and is presented along with this paper. A general discussion of the static discharge hazard in explosive atmospheres is presented.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128107363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application guidelines for dry-type distribution power transformers","authors":"P. Sen","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201495","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201495","url":null,"abstract":"A large number of distribution transformers, currently utilized in low voltage (LV) power systems are of dry-type design. This includes, the IEEE Class II ventilated dry-type design with 3-phase kVA ratings in the approximate range of 500 kVA - 2.5 MVA and primary voltage ratings ranging from 4.16 kV to 34.5 kV and the secondary voltage ratings of 600 V and below. This paper presents a comprehensive review of dry-type transformers design and provides some application guidelines including insulation system characteristics; BIL; losses, overloading, and loss-of life; and price.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123634356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cable sizing for fast transient loads","authors":"R. Henry","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201484","url":null,"abstract":"The most recognized standards for sizing US manufactured cables are ampacity tables published in the National Electrical Code. These tables are only for steady-state loads. This paper addresses the transient temperature response of cables undergoing fast heavy loading. Exponential functions are analytically derived that express responses to step changes in cable currents. Formulas for coefficients and time constants are derived. Cable manufacturers' data and other sources for physical properties are used to calculate the coefficients and time constants for three copper conductor sizes. Steady-state end temperatures are based on National Electrical Code ampacity tables. The derived formulas are limited to cables in open tray or free air, and in conduit in air. The methods to develop data are detailed for other conductor sizes and aluminum conductors. Also presented are the means to size power cables based on calculated transient temperatures. These calculated temperatures are compared with cable temperature ratings to select a cable size. An example is included that illustrates sizing feeders for five 2000 hp crusher-conveyors.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129838480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reliability assessment of an industrial city transmission system in Saudi Arabia","authors":"M. Shwehdi, M.T. Al-Saba","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201485","url":null,"abstract":"This paper covers the reliability assessment of 115-230 kV transmission lines that supply power to an industrial city in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. This assessment is made on data due to outages on different parts of this network. Analysis of the outages records and data, as well as a review on reliability, outages and adequacy indices are presented. A model of the transmission system is modeled and simulated using EDSA. Simulation and assessment results about the reliability on different parts of the system are discussed and guidelines recommended.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123125731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A practical approach for sizing a water-cooled bus","authors":"S.K. Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201482","url":null,"abstract":"The sizing of electrical bus is an iterative exercise. The process logically starts with the identification of materials based on performance requirement, budget, design standards and fabrication/installation codes to be met. The decision on sizing multiple forced-cooled buses within a space-restricted envelope at a public regulated facility has it's own challenges. The first iteration in sizing is critical for the subsequent calculations like stress/seismic analysis, EMF effect, cooling package, life cycle cost etc. This paper provides a baseline bus sizing calculation that can also be used as a verification tool for procedural validation of software calculation, if any. Design of bus system for a single-phase electric furnace with multiple pairs of electrodes will be demonstrated with considerations for material selection, current carrying capability, inductance calculations, voltage drop, cooling requirements and the size of flexible jumpers (shunt) between the bus and the electrode or its extension.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"26 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123574942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Arc-fault protection of branch circuits, cords and connected equipment","authors":"G. Parise, L. Martirano, R. E. Nabours","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201492","url":null,"abstract":"In electrical power systems, the fault frequently involves arcing and burning for all the wiring exposed to mechanical damage and other insulation stresses including wiring not fixed and connected by flexible cords and cables. The IEC Standard 60364 stops the design of electric power systems at the outlets of branch circuits or at the fixed equipment. A complete design instead should take care of the connections of the portable equipment and of extension cords (as requested by NFPA 70) that are exposed to arc-faults and may cause fire and/or electric shock hazard. The cords supplying the Class II equipment are without a grounding protection conductor, so the failure of the double insulation, caused by external damage, can't be expected to be easily detected as a ground fault. A protection must be provided to prevent the fault from extinguishing itself without being detected and remaining energized, thus presenting an electric shock hazard by direct contact with a live part, rendered accessible after local insulation failure. The authors highlight this worst case and suggest the protection achieved by wiring the circuits, particularly extension cords, with special power cables. Ground-fault-forced cables, GFFCs convert a line-to-line fault into a line to ground fault, that will be detected and protected by ordinary ground fault protective devices (GFPDs). By adopting the GFFC type of cables internally to Class II equipment, the disconnecting supplying measure could be extended to equipment also.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":" 44","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113951461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Ghijselen, W. Ryckaert, D. Zenner, J. Melkebeek
{"title":"Considering peak rectifier behaviour for voltage distortion calculations in power distribution systems","authors":"J. Ghijselen, W. Ryckaert, D. Zenner, J. Melkebeek","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201481","url":null,"abstract":"In many cases, power system harmonic studies are performed using current source models for the considered nonlinear loads. Peak rectifier loads are known to be highly sensitive to the parameters of the power system impedance and the voltage distortion at the rectifier terminals. The line current spectrum of such rectifiers maybe corrected to account for the influence of these parameters. In this paper it is shown that the resulting current source model does not yield sufficiently accurate results when the power system is subjected to resonances.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131826812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of material characterization techniques to electrical forensic analysis","authors":"T. Mills, R.S. Hoskins, M.S. Nemier","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201494","url":null,"abstract":"The application of forensic science techniques to electrical equipment failure investigation has not been widely documented in the engineering world. This paper is intended to share an example of using material characterization techniques to support an initial cause determination of an electrical component \"failure\" event. The resulting conclusion supported the initial cause determination and ruled out the possibility of design deficiencies. Thus, the qualification testing of the equipment was allowed to continue to successful completion.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133959063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Zeng, Jinliang He, Shui-ming Chen, F. Fu, Z. Guan
{"title":"10 kV insulated compact distribution line supported by composite spacers in urban area","authors":"R. Zeng, Jinliang He, Shui-ming Chen, F. Fu, Z. Guan","doi":"10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPS.2003.1201490","url":null,"abstract":"Adopting insulated conductors and compact configuration has become the tendency in the renovation of distribution network in China. Advantages of compact configuration are discussed. Superiority of compact configuration against lightning protection has been analyzed. The reason that breakage faults occurred on compact distribution tine with polymeric spacer is discussed. It is due to the bad pollution flashover performance of the polymeric spacer cast with polycarbonate. Polycarbonate Is not suitable for outdoor Insulation. A new triangle composite spacer, which Is suitable for heavy pollution areas, Is designed to prevent breakage faults caused by leakage current. 28 cm is chosen as phase spacing. The application effects of the developed composite spacers are very good.","PeriodicalId":437400,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technical Conference on Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, 2003.","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122330343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}