Monash Bioethics Review最新文献_第7页

Human enhancement drugs and Armed Forces: an overview of some key ethical considerations of creating 'Super-Soldiers'. 人类增强药物和武装力量:创造“超级士兵”的一些关键道德考虑的概述。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-022-00170-8

Adrian Walsh, Katinka Van de Ven

{"title":"Human enhancement drugs and Armed Forces: an overview of some key ethical considerations of creating 'Super-Soldiers'.","authors":"Adrian Walsh, Katinka Van de Ven","doi":"10.1007/s40592-022-00170-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-022-00170-8","url":null,"abstract":"There is a long history and growing evidence base that the use of drugs, such as anabolic-androgenic steroids, to enhance human performance is common amongst armed forces, including in Australia. We should not be surprised that this might have occurred for it has long been predicted by observers. It is a commonplace of many recent discussion of the future of warfare and future military technology to proclaim the imminent arrival of Super Soldiers, whose capacities are modified via drugs, digital technology and genetic engineering, in ways that increase their performance exponentially. This is what some observers have referred to as the \"Gladiator Model\" wherein the aim is to create soldiers able to perform feats of which ordinary citizens are not capable. One key aspect of this \"gladiator project\" is the use of illicit drugs to enhance performance. Could we use drugs, such as steroids or amphetamines, to enhance performance? Should we use such drugs? In this paper we explore the ethics of creating Super Soldiers, and raise issues of consent, coercion and the extent to which such use is permitted or condemned by just war theory. We conclude that much will depend on the extent to which such use is harmful to the soldiers themselves and this is still an open question.","PeriodicalId":43628,"journal":{"name":"Monash Bioethics Review","volume":"41 1","pages":"22-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10055579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

When Enhancements need Therapy: disenhancements, Iatrogenesis, and the responsibility of Military Institutions. 当增强需要治疗:去增强，医源性，和军事机构的责任。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-022-00169-1

Adam Henschke

引用次数: 1

Transparency or restricting gifts? Polish medical students' opinions about regulating relationships with pharmaceutical sales representatives. 透明还是限制赠与?波兰医学生对规范与药品销售代表关系的看法。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-021-00128-2

Marta Makowska, Emilia Kaczmarek, Marcin Rodzinka

{"title":"Transparency or restricting gifts? Polish medical students' opinions about regulating relationships with pharmaceutical sales representatives.","authors":"Marta Makowska, Emilia Kaczmarek, Marcin Rodzinka","doi":"10.1007/s40592-021-00128-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-021-00128-2","url":null,"abstract":"Relationships between physicians and pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) often create conflicts of interest, not least because of the various benefits received by physicians. Many countries attempt to control pharmaceutical industry marketing strategies through legal regulation, and this is true in Poland where efforts are underway to eliminate any practices that might be considered corrupt in medicine. The present research considered Polish medical students' opinions about domestic laws restricting doctors' acceptance of expensive gifts from the industry, the idea of compulsory transparency, and the possibility of introducing a Polish Sunshine Law. A qualitative, focus group-based, interview method was used. Data were gathered from nine focus groups involving 92 medical students from three universities located in major Polish cities. The article presents a classification of opposing student views with regard to the consequences of introducing different legal solutions; this should be useful for policy makers deliberating on how to optimally regulate pharmaceutical marketing. The study's results are discussed in the context of the public bioethical debate in Poland.","PeriodicalId":43628,"journal":{"name":"Monash Bioethics Review","volume":"40 Suppl 1","pages":"49-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40592-021-00128-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10498335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

A review of "Caregiving, Carebots, and Contagion". “护理、护理机器人和传染病”综述。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-08-06 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-022-00162-8

Wayne Shelton

引用次数: 1

Co-editors of the special issue "East European post-communist legacy in medicine, health care, and bioethics". 《东欧后共产主义医学、医疗保健和生物伦理学遗产》特刊的联合编辑。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-022-00173-5

Ana S Iltis, Nataliya Shok

引用次数: 0

Bulgaria at the onset of clinical ethics consultation. 保加利亚开始进行临床伦理咨询。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-022-00158-4

Silviya Aleksandrova-Yankulovska

{"title":"Bulgaria at the onset of clinical ethics consultation.","authors":"Silviya Aleksandrova-Yankulovska","doi":"10.1007/s40592-022-00158-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-022-00158-4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Over the years, Bulgarian bioethics has been mainly an academic enterprise and fallen short of providing health professionals with skills for ethical decision-making. Clinical ethics support (CES) was piloted by the author through two bottom-up models - METAP (Modular, Ethical, Treatment, Allocation of resources, Process) and MCD (Moral Case Deliberation).Aims: This paper aims to present and analyse developments in the area of clinical ethics and the first experiences in CES in Bulgaria.Methodology: The project reported here included a review of relevant literature on CES methods and evaluation and a documentary review of data from two CES pilot projects: METAP and MCD.Results: Most of the 69 METAP ethics meetings reviewed were first time meetings (88,4%); the average duration was 36 min and the average number of participants was four (44,9%). The meetings were organized in response to cases of severely or critically ill patients. The ethical dilemmas included choice of treatment (31,9%) and conflicts with the patient or their relatives (23,2%). Consensus was achieved in 34,8% of the cases. The situation was clarified with the patient (27,5%) and within the team (15,9%). The rights and obligations of both sides were discussed in 7,2% of the cases. The experience of the members of the Bulgarian Association of Bioethics and Clinical Ethics (BABCE) with MCD was also presented to justify the inference about the applicability of the two CES models in a Bulgarian context.Conclusion: Among Eastern European countries Bulgaria has made progress in CES. Both METAP and MCD have been found to be useful methods.","PeriodicalId":43628,"journal":{"name":"Monash Bioethics Review","volume":"40 Suppl 1","pages":"6-27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10555214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of studies based on the use of questionnaires in the time of Covid-19 pandemic. Covid-19大流行期间基于问卷调查的研究评估。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-09-12 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-021-00136-2

Corinna Porteri

引用次数: 1

Intervention hesitancy among healthcare personnel: conceptualizing beyond vaccine hesitancy. 卫生保健人员干预犹豫:概念化超出疫苗犹豫

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-022-00152-w

Rachel Gur-Arie, Nadav Davidovitch, Anat Rosenthal

{"title":"Intervention hesitancy among healthcare personnel: conceptualizing beyond vaccine hesitancy.","authors":"Rachel Gur-Arie, Nadav Davidovitch, Anat Rosenthal","doi":"10.1007/s40592-022-00152-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40592-022-00152-w","url":null,"abstract":"We propose an emerging conceptualization of \"intervention hesitancy\" to address a broad spectrum of hesitancy to disease prevention interventions among healthcare personnel (HCP) beyond vaccine hesitancy. To demonstrate this concept and its analytical benefits, we used a qualitative case-study methodology, identifying a \"spectrum\" of disease prevention interventions based on (1) the intervention's effectiveness, (2) how the intervention is regulated among HCP in the Israeli healthcare system, and (3) uptake among HCP in the Israeli healthcare system. Our cases ultimately contribute to a more nuanced conceptualization of hesitancy that HCP express towards disease prevention interventions. Our case interventions included the seasonal influenza vaccine, the Mantoux test, and the hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine. Influenza and HBV are vaccine-preventable diseases, though their respective vaccines vary significantly in effectiveness and uptake among HCP. The Mantoux test is a tuberculin skin test which provides a prevention benchmark for tuberculosis (TB), a non-vaccine preventable disease. We conducted semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders and analyzed them within Israeli and international policy context between 2016 and 2019, a period just prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. We propose the conceptualization of \"intervention hesitancy\"-beyond \"vaccine hesitancy\"-as \"hesitancy towards a wide range of public health interventions, including but not limited to vaccines\". Results suggested that intervention hesitancy among HCP is rooted in weak trust in their employer, poor employment conditions, as well as mixed institutional guidelines and culture. Conceptualizing intervention hesitancy expands the ability of healthcare systems to understand the root of hesitancy and foster a supportive institutional culture and trust, cognizant of diverse disease prevention interventions beyond vaccination.","PeriodicalId":43628,"journal":{"name":"Monash Bioethics Review","volume":"40 1","pages":"171-187"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8934537/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47749958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dignity at the end of life: from philosophy to health care practice - Lithuanian case. 生命终结时的尊严:从哲学到保健实践——立陶宛案例。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-022-00160-w

Žydrūnė Luneckaitė, Olga Riklikienė

{"title":"Dignity at the end of life: from philosophy to health care practice - Lithuanian case.","authors":"Žydrūnė Luneckaitė, Olga Riklikienė","doi":"10.1007/s40592-022-00160-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-022-00160-w","url":null,"abstract":"Regulation and clinical practices regarding end of human life care differ among the nations and countries. These differences reflect the history of the development of state health systems, different societal values, and different understandings of dignity and what it means to protect or respect dignity. The result is variation in the ethical, legal, and practical approaches to end-of-life issues. The article analyzes the diversity of strategies to strengthen dignity at the end of life of terminally ill patients and to highlight the legal preconditions and limitations for implementing these strategies in independent Lithuania, as a former state of the Soviet Union. It is based on the critical analysis of philosophical literature, legal national and international documents and scientific evidence related to the issue. The author argues that the legal system in Lithuania is not sufficient to ensure the patient's dignity at the end of life and remains far behind other Western European countries. Legal regulations in Lithuania do not guarantee the right of the patient to express his or her will regarding the future treatment, including the refusal of resuscitation, do not regulate the termination of burdensome, non-viable and meaningless treatment that is undesired by the patient, and limit the accessibility of palliative care with its necessary quality and comfort.","PeriodicalId":43628,"journal":{"name":"Monash Bioethics Review","volume":"40 Suppl 1","pages":"28-48"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10498572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Why catastrophic events, human enhancement and progress in robotics may limit individual health rights. 为什么灾难性事件、人类的增强和机器人技术的进步可能限制个人的健康权利。

IF 1.6

Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-01-23 DOI: 10.1007/s40592-021-00150-4

Konrad Szocik

{"title":"Why catastrophic events, human enhancement and progress in robotics may limit individual health rights.","authors":"Konrad Szocik","doi":"10.1007/s40592-021-00150-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40592-021-00150-4","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the fact that people usually believe that individual health rights have an intrinsic value, they have, in fact, only extrinsic value. They are context dependent. While in normal conditions the current societies try to guarantee individual health rights, the challenge arises in emergency situations. Ones of them are pandemics including current covid-19 pandemic. Emergency situations challenge individual health rights due to insufficient medical resources and non-random criteria of selection of patients. However, there are some reasons to assume that societal and technological processes in the near future will threaten permanently individual health rights in normal conditions. Such processes include progress in commonly available human enhancement technologies, and progress in robotics and automation. In this paper I show how individual health rights will be challenged in both scenarios including catastrophic events and future technological progress. In both cases, the idea of assisted dying is discussed as possibly the unique healthcare principle available for people whose individual health rights will be limited or canceled due to catastrophes or technological and financial exclusion. The special case of future space missions is also discussed as an example of an extreme environment affecting the way moral norms are viewed in health care ethics.","PeriodicalId":43628,"journal":{"name":"Monash Bioethics Review","volume":"40 2","pages":"219-230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8783799/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39939863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0