Nepal Journal of Epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Post COVID syndrome: A novel challenge and threat to international health.","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Jared Robinson,&nbsp;Alexandra Leclézio,&nbsp;Brijesh Sathian,&nbsp;Indraneel Banerjee","doi":"10.3126/nje.v12i2.46149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v12i2.46149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has affected every continent worldwide. The novelty of this virus, its mutations and the rapid speed and unprecedented rate at which it has torn through the global community has in turn lead to an innate lack of knowledge and information about the actual disease caused and the severity of the complications associated with COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been infecting individuals since 2019 and now as of 2022 has been circulating for just over 2 years within the global populous. As the number of cases have risen globally over this period (some of which having contracted the virus twice) further endeavours have been undertaken to better understand the pathogenesis and natural progression of the disease. A condition reported in some cases with extended bouts of sickness or symptoms following the initial infection with COVID was labelled \"long COVID\" towards the earlier phases of the pandemic (in the spring of 2020), but has only recently gained the global media and medical attention due to its affliction of more individuals on a global basis and has thus warranted further investigation. Long COVID is described as a persistent, long-term state of poor health following an infection with COVID-19. The effect of Long COVID is multisystemic in nature with a wide array of signs and symptoms. The most commonly reported clinical features of long COVID are: headaches, myalgia, chest pain, rashes, abdominal pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, anosmia, persistent cough, brain fogs, forgetfulness, depression, insomnia, fatigue and anxiety. This research aims to explore the symptomatology, pathophysiology as well as the treatment and prevention of Long COVID.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"12 2","pages":"1215-1219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9374107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40702570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A survey of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety and Depression among Flood Affected Populations in Kerala, India.","authors":"Mohammad Asim,&nbsp;Brijesh Sathian,&nbsp;Edwin van Teijlingen,&nbsp;Ahammed A Mekkodathil,&nbsp;M G Ramesh Babu,&nbsp;Elayedath Rajesh,&nbsp;Rajeev Kumar N,&nbsp;Padam Simkhada,&nbsp;Indrajit Banerjee","doi":"10.3126/nje.v12i2.46334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v12i2.46334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Globally, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most common psychiatric illnesses following a disaster. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the socio-economic and flood exposure factors with PTSD, depression and anxiety among the flood-affected populations in Kerala, India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional household survey was conducted from November 2019 to January 2020 in Kozhikode district of Kerala, India. Adults (≥ 18 years), who were permanent residents and had been directly exposed to the flood, were invited to take part in the study. Individuals with a history of mental health issues and those who had other stressful situations in the past were excluded. The survey questionnaire was based on three screening tools: (1) PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5); (2) patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9); and (3) generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7). Data included sociodemographic factors and flood exposure variables. The primary outcome variable was psychiatric morbidity (PTSD, anxiety and depression).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 276 respondents (150 males/126 females) participated in the study. A significant correlation was observed between total score on PCL-5 and GAD-7 (r=0.339, p=0.001) and PHQ-9 (r=0.262, p=0.001). Females had significantly higher total PTSD symptom severity scores (8.24±5.88 vs. 6.07±5.22; p=0.001), severity of symptoms of intrusion (4.66±3.60 vs. 3.69±3.20; p=0.04), increased level of anxiety (2.54±1.94 vs. 1.79±1.53; p=0.001) and depression (3.02±2.26 vs. 2.04±1.67; p=0.001) compared to males. However, the gender difference for PTSD symptoms disappeared when controlling for age.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this survey revealed that the vast majority of respondents (92 percent females and 87 percent males) still had subclinical psychiatric symptoms one year after the flood. Therefore, tailored psychological interventions are warranted to counter the long-lasting impact of flooding on the mental health of individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"12 2","pages":"1203-1214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9374108/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40702568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Art of the Editorial.","authors":"Edwin R van Teijlingen, Vanora Hundley, Brijesh Sathian, Padam Simkhada, Jared Robinson, Indrajit Banerjee","doi":"10.3126/nje.v12i1.43104","DOIUrl":"10.3126/nje.v12i1.43104","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1135-1138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9057172/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45596767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telemedicine as an unexpected catalyst during and beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Mahendra Kumar, P. Rani, Binal Joshi, R. Soni, Anita Kumari, Kusum K Rohilla","doi":"10.3126/nje.v12i1.42459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v12i1.42459","url":null,"abstract":"Telemedicine that also known as the practice of medicine at a distance whereby information technology is used to ensure the delivery of medical care services. Telemedicine is not a new concept in the world and India.Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) started telemedicine in India during year 2001 as a pilot project and in year 2005 Ministry of Health and family welfare started full time program of telemedicine by connecting all major health institutions. Telemedicine is connecting people across border and culture. The need-based changes are coming in telemedicine sectors such as smart apps, involvement of private sector players and high intensity internet connections reaching to rural areas and difficult demographic locations. During Covid-19 pandemic telemedicine benefited people by supplying health information and consultation without breaching them without breeching physical contact restrictions. The ease of access to telemedicine applications, its low cost, and the lack of infrastructure requirements propelled to become the top choice in these dayswhere physical distancingconsidered the aforementioned, thus we can conclude that telemedicine is promising tool.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1171 - 1174"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46481956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Lockdown due to COVID-19 on lifestyle and diet pattern of college students of Eastern India: A cross-sectional survey","authors":"S. Nirala, B. Naik, R. Rao, S. Pandey, C. Singh, Neha Chaudhary","doi":"10.3126/nje.v12i1.42292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v12i1.42292","url":null,"abstract":"Background The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures to confine it has disrupted the routine of the public. The impact of such long-term confinements on the lifestyle and diet of students are not known and hence this study was designed to assess the impact of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic on the lifestyle and diet of university students. Methods An online cross-sectional survey among 622 university students across various educational institutes of east India using a pre-designed questionnaire about lifestyle-diet before and during the lockdown. Results were tabulated and statistical tests like Paired t-test, Wilcoxon Rank sign test, and Mc-Nemar tests were applied and overall significance was attributed to P<0.05. Results During the lockdown a total of 2.4% (95% CI: 1.4-3.8%) decrease in prevalence of tobacco use, 8.7% (95% CI: 6.6-11%) decrease in physical activity and a 0.8 hour (95% CI: 0.6-0.9 hour) increase in the mean sleep duration was observed. There was a significant increase in use of fresh fruits consumption [Median(IQR)-before:2(1-5);during:3(1-5) days] and a decrease in meat-poultry[Median(IQR)-before: 2(0-3);during: 1(0-3)days] and junk food[Median(IQR)-before:1(0-2);during:0(0-2)days] consumption during the lockdown. Conclusion A significant proportion of changes in lifestyle and frequency of consumption of certain food items in the dietary pattern during the lockdown.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1139 - 1155"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47825347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 vaccines and immunization in the paediatric population","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee, J. Robinson, B. Sathian","doi":"10.3126/nje.v12i1.43158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v12i1.43158","url":null,"abstract":"UNICEF data released thus far states that 0.4% of the deaths experienced due to COVID-19 (12300) have been recorded in those aged 20 years and below, with 58% of the deaths occurring between the ages of 10 to 19 years and 42% in those aged 0-9 years old respectively. The evidence supporting the use of immunization in the general populous stands true, however the use thereof in the paediatric population is not clear and thus the vital question which remains to be definitively answered and explored is that of vaccination in the younger paediatric age groups, namely those aged between 5 and 12 years. The deaths registered in this young populous are high and it is the duty of physicians to protect those whom are weakest through the use of the most scientifically accepted and proven methods.\u0000The national immunization programme of Nepal has a stratagem which aims to vaccinate 1.74 million children aged 12 to 17 years of age with the Moderna vaccine and  plans to use the COVAX vaccine for those aged 18 years and above. The efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccines is evident and their role is vital in combatting the mortality, morbidity and development of new mutations. The role of approved vaccines such as Pfizer and Moderna in the younger age groups namely 12 to 18 years of age and 5 to 12 years of age is vital and shows a categorical increase in immunity and protection. It is thus advised for the 5- to 18-year-old cohort to receive their COVID-19 vaccinations. The efficacy of such vaccines in those aged between 6 months and 5 years is still in question and further scientific data and research will need to be undertaken so as to establish the benefits of COVID-19 immunization in the younger paediatric populous.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1132 - 1134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46327279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic and suicides in Nepal: Way forward for prevention.","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Jared Robinson,&nbsp;Brijesh Sathian,&nbsp;Indraneel Banerjee","doi":"10.3126/nje.v11i4.41116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i4.41116","url":null,"abstract":"The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has firmly rooted itself within our countries, communities, homes and now everyday lives. The impact of this global pandemic is immeasurable as it is catastrophic in nature and involves both a human and financial loss. Suicide and self-harm (SH) are both a serious public health and social issue. It is however preventable via the use of timely, evidence-based and many times low-cost interventions and therapies. The current situation depicted Nepal shows a true indicator of the mental health of the nation, as a precipitating factor (i.e., the extreme stress of COVID-19 and the lockdown) has exposed the submerged “ice-berg” phenomenon of disease.  \u0000It is evident that COVID-19 and the lockdown had a massively negative effect on the mental health of the population in Nepal. The increased rates of suicide and self-harm also simultaneously exposed the great pre-existing fragility of the mental health of the nation. It is therefore vital that both Nepal and other countries alike take cognizance of the fact that extra support and preventative measures need to be introduced during this difficult period and that further national programs must be employed to best aid the mental health of their fellow countrymen.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1083-1085"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8730343/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39714922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postoperative clinical nursing care pathway for patients with mucormycosis: An experience from a tertiary care hospital in Rajasthan, India.","authors":"Nipin Kalal,&nbsp;Suresh K Sharma,&nbsp;Kapil Soni","doi":"10.3126/nje.v11i4.40498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i4.40498","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious global health threat and it has numerous impacts on human life. India faced the problem of the second wave of COVID-19 and an unexpected new predicament in the form of mucormycosis has been added. The use of steroids drugs for long duration and comorbidity with COVID-19 infections are the risk factors of mucormycosis. It is important to understand the postoperative clinical pathway to assess and determine the policy and protocol, which help patients fasten their recovery, prevent further complications and readmission.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional descriptive design was used to conduct the study. We adopted the validated Immediate Post-Operative Recovery Assessment (IPR-PA) Scale to assess the postoperative clinical nursing care pathway for patients with mucormycosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The current study shows that patients had highest score in the physiology clinical recovery domain (75.25%) and the lowest post-operative clinical recovery score in psycho-social domain (20.83%). There was a significant positive correlation was found between all the domains. The medication status domains found significantly associated with participants' age (P=.021) and physiological domains has shown significant association with received oxygen therapy during hospitalization (P=.046).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Postoperative clinical nursing care pathway was effective to determine the progress of a patient. It helps us to know the parameter of different domains namely being physiological, physical, psycho-social and medication status. Patients required psycho-social support due to the epidemic and fear from disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1095-1102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8730340/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39714924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similarity, does it necessary mean plagiarism? Stop intentional and exaggerated paraphrasing.","authors":"Eslam Elsayed Ali Shohda","doi":"10.3126/nje.v11i4.41137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i4.41137","url":null,"abstract":"During the last two decades, programs have been relied on to detect scientific plagiarism, as it is found that some authors use previous published results or scientific ideas without attributing them to their original authors. But the term similarity has been confused with scientific plagiarism. This led to the need for procedures that are not justified by intuition of mind, and led to the difficulty of conducting important research, unnecessary time wasting and difficulties.","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"1130-1131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8730341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39729722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Omicron: The pandemic propagator and lockdown instigator - what can be learnt from South Africa and such discoveries in future.","authors":"Indrajit Banerjee,&nbsp;Jared Robinson,&nbsp;Indraneel Banerjee,&nbsp;Brijesh Sathian","doi":"10.3126/nje.v11i4.41569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i4.41569","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus which causes the disease termed COVID-19 ripped through the globe in the latter part of 2019 and has left a state of fear, death and destruction in its wake. The Omicron variant was officially announced by the South African authorities on the 24th of November 2021, with the first confirmed sample of the infection being collected on the 9th of November 2021. The initial cases were flagged as a possible new variant due to the stark differences in the presentation and clinical features of the patients. At the time of Omicron's discovery, the predominant variant circulating within South Africa was the Delta variant B.1.617.2 which typically presented with more severe and distinct symptoms. Omicron spread rapidly within the Southern Africa and abroad, principally South Africa, Botswana, Hongkong and Israel were among the first countries to record cases of the new variant. The first European case of the Omicron variant was confirmed on the 26th of November 2021 in Belgium. Towards the end of November 2021 cases of the new variant had been confirmed and recorded in France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Portugal and Scotland. Additional cases of the Omicron variant have been confirmed in Canada, Australia, India and United States. At this current point in the development of the Omicron upsurge in cases the international community should aim for further vaccinations among their fellow countrymen, but more so vaccine equality should be ensured. Such equality should be ensured in the developing nations as the virus does not respect any boundaries or territories and thus a higher level of vaccination worldwide will confer greater protection to the global community as a whole.</p>","PeriodicalId":43600,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Journal of Epidemiology","volume":"11 4","pages":"1126-1129"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8730344/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10264875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}