Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Occurrence of Needlestick Injury Among the Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Center in Western Rajasthan, India.","authors":"Sukanya Mehrotra, Ravisekhar Gadepalli, Vibhor Tak, Nikhil Kothari, Ramkaran Chaudhary, Gopal Krishna Bohra, Nitin Kumar Bajpai, Vidhi Jain","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_136_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_136_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the practice of NSI among HCWs and their follow-up.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Hospital-based cross-sectional study from June 2021 to December 2022. HCWs were given a self-administered questionnaire, their blood samples were collected for viral markers, and they were followed up at 6, 12, and 24 weeks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 805 HCWs, 212 (26.33%) had experienced NSI, with a predominance of nurses; 110/212 (51.8%). Underreporting was seen in 56/212 (26.4%) HCWs. Unknown sources were 58 (27.4%) and 31/212 (14.6%) had seropositive sources. Only 77 (36.3%) cases were followed up to completion, and no seroconversion was noted. Factors increasing the chances of infection post-NSI were nonprotective anti-HBs titers, incomplete vaccination, deep injury, late reporting, nonadherence to PEP, and seropositive source.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Need a multifaceted approach combining educational training, policy implementation, and surveillance. Continued research and targeted interventions will contribute to a safer healthcare environment for HCWs and patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"92-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064954/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of Personal-Level Protective Measures Against Air Pollution on Respiratory Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Shiv Kumar Mudgal, Subodh Kumar, Seshadri R Varikasuvu, Saurabh Varshney, Ramesh Kumar Huda, Suresh K Sharma, Rakhi Gaur, Vipin Patidar, Sanjay Singhal, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_328_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_328_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), poses a significant global health risk, contributing to respiratory, and cardiovascular diseases. While personal-level interventions such as air purifiers and respirators are commonly used to reduce exposure, their effectiveness in improving clinical outcomes remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of such measures in reducing adverse respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted up to February 2025. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the use of air purifiers or respirators in non-occupational settings were included. Meta-analyses were performed using fixed or random-effects models, and effect sizes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Twenty-seven RCTs were included. Personal-level interventions significantly reduced indoor PM₂.₅ (SMD = -2.27; 95% CI: -2.98 to -1.55) and PM₁₀ (SMD = -3.87; 95% CI: -4.59 to -3.16) levels. However, no significant improvements were observed for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI: -0.07 to 0.15), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC), respiratory symptoms, or blood pressure. Sensitivity analysis showed a significant reduction in FeNO (SMD = -0.16; 95% CI: -0.28 to -0.04). While effective in reducing particulate matter, personal-level interventions showed limited clinical benefits for respiratory or cardiovascular health.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"13-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064970/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Physical Workload and Maximum Working Capacity among Workers of Metallurgy Factories Processing Aluminum in Howrah District of West Bengal.","authors":"Debasish Biswas, Manabendra Sau, Srayashi Debbarma, Kishore P Madhwani, Amalendu Samanta","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_100_24","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_100_24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Assessing physical workload is the most important step in deciding whether the workload is high and adopting appropriate control strategies to reduce physical workload.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess physical workload, maximum working capacity (MWC), and relative load (RL) of study participants engaged in manual material handling.</p><p><strong>Methods and materials: </strong>A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted in two aluminum processing metallurgy factories in the Howrah district of the Indian state of West Bengal. The sample size for the proposed research work was 424 workers. Data was collected on a predesigned and pretested questionnaire and was subsequently analyzed by using a suitable statistical package.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age of the workers was 45.46 ± 10.25 years. Most of the (28.54%) respondents had completed the Primary level of education. The majority of respondents were from the upper middle class (34.67%). Most of the workers (63.44%) were engaged in \"workers doing other types of job,\" whereas 12.03% workers were operating machines, and 7.31% workers were doing manual material handling. The majority of the workers (48.39%) were manual material handlers who had moderate physical workload, and 32.26% and 19.35% manual material handlers had heavy and light physical workload, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>About one-third of the manual handlers of the present study were subjected to RL beyond the acceptable limit because of disproportionate physical workload and MWC.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"53-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064963/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Burden of Green Tobacco Sickness in Farm Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Gender Disparities, and Socio-Economic Determinants.","authors":"Hossein Kargar Jahromi, Sara Moghaddam, Sanaz Amiri, Mohammad Sadegh Moradi Sarcheshmeh, Saeed Seyfi, Hamed Delam","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_106_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_106_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) represents a subcategory of an occupational illness defined by nicotine dermal absorption among tobacco workers. This study aimed to assess the global prevalence of GTS, explore gender and socio-economic inequalities, and investigate temporal patterns for informing policy and preventive strategies. A meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted as per PRISMA guidelines. Databases like PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. Studies that report GTS prevalence, containing observational data, were selected. The data extraction process included study design, demographic data, and prevalence. Meta-regression was conducted to determine the impact of factors such as human development index (HDI), year of publication, and development category on pooled prevalence rate estimates, while overall pooled prevalence was calculated by random effects model. Publication bias was measured using funnel plots and Egger's test. Based on the 17 studies (17,609 workers), the estimated global prevalence of GTS stood at 23.6% (95% CI: 15.4%-34.5%) Women had higher prevalence (37.3%: 95% CI: 19.0%-60.2%) than men (21.7%: 95% CI: 11.4%-37.5%). Meta-regression analysis found an association of lower prevalence rates with higher HDI, GTS prevalence was higher in countries with lower HDI (β = -8.59, <i>P</i> < 0.001). No considerable publication bias was found to exist (Egger's test: <i>P</i> = 0.446). As the prevalence of GTS has increased, this calls for action to be taken to rectify the deterioration of working conditions such as the provision of protective equipment and gendered health care policies that mitigate the health risks of women who smoke and work as GTS.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064951/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Conceptual Framework for Ergonomic Interventions in a Bangladeshi Metal Workshop to Reduce Musculoskeletal Disorders.","authors":"Md Mushiur Rahman, Mir Md Mofachel Hossain, Md Mohibul Islam, Aizizul Haque Raza","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_23_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_23_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study develops a conceptual framework for ergonomic interventions aimed at reducing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among workers in metal workshops in Bangladesh. Workers in this sector frequently adopt awkward postures such as deep squatting, bending, and prolonged sitting, which significantly increase the risk of MSDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ergonomic assessments were conducted using RULA, REBA, OWAS, and spinal compression analysis, supported by digital human modeling techniques in CATIA and Tecnomatix Jack. The design of ergonomic chairs and height-adjustable workbenches was based on anthropometric measurements collected from 200 male participants aged 18 to 41 years, ensuring compatibility with local body dimensions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed that standing and sitting postures facilitated by appropriately designed ergonomic furniture reduce biomechanical stress compared to the deep squatting postures commonly used during welding and grinding activities. In welding operations, standing yielded the lowest RULA, REBA, and OWAS scores, whereas sitting resulted in the minimum spinal compression. For grinding tasks, standing provided the most favorable ergonomic risk scores, while sitting effectively reduced spinal loads. These postural improvements demonstrate the value of ergonomics-based workstation redesign in minimizing MSD risk factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the results, customized ergonomic guidelines were developed, recommending standing as the primary working posture and sitting as a secondary alternative to alleviate fatigue. The proposed framework offers a practical and cost-effective approach for assisting small- and medium-sized enterprises in Bangladesh in reducing MSD risks, improving worker comfort, and enhancing productivity. Although the interventions have not yet been tested in operational workshop environments, further research is recommended to implement and evaluate these ergonomic solutions in real-world settings to determine their long-term effects on employee health and work efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"80-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational Dermatitis among the Metal Working Fluid Factory Workers in Bengaluru - A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"N Yashaswini, Dinesh Rajaram, Priyadarshini Chidambaram, Shivaraj N Somanna","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_86_23","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_86_23","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are complex oils used to protect the metal piece and the cutting tool from friction and wear out during the machining process. Direct contact of skin with MWF can lead to occupational dermatitis (O.D.). It is a local skin inflammation caused by occupational exposure to any substance at work leading to dryness, itching, redness, and wheals on the skin. Annually, 1.2 million metal workers are exposed to MWF, but there needs to be more research on them.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>To determine the associated factors of O.D. among the MWF factory workers in Bengaluru.</p><p><strong>Methods and material: </strong>A cross-sectional study among 205 MWF workers in 6 MWF factories was conducted to obtain data on sociodemographic details, work details, and symptoms of O.D. Descriptive statistics of categorical variables like O.D. were summarized in percentages with a 95% confidence level. Chi-square test and Binary logistic regression were used to study the association of O.D. with MWF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The proportion of O.D. was 15.4%, with 14.6%, 14.6%, 13.2%, 5.9%, and 6.3% having dryness, itching, redness, cuts, and bleeding, respectively. In Logistic regression, the factors associated with statistically significant are age [4.13 (1.5-3.6)], years of service duration [6.13 (1.48-25.6)], machining process [0.002 (1.731-10.7] enclosure of machines [(0.30 (0.19-0.90)], and nonuse of gloves [0.15 (0.05-0.44)].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This research concludes that MWF workers observed that 15.6% had O.D. Preventing O.D. by limiting exposure to MWF through periodic training, adequate supply and practice of personal protective equipment, engineering, and medical measures are crucial.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"25-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postural Malalignment Due to Helmet Usage in Cricket Players - An Observational Study.","authors":"Rohit Balasaheb Rahane, Maneesh Arora, Maitri Chaturvedi","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_103_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_103_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Elite cricket players experience increased injury risk due to physical changes occurring during adolescence. Accurate postural assessment is crucial for early identification and prevention of musculoskeletal issues.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To analyze biomechanical postural deviations in elite cricket players using a photographic method.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Sixty male cricket players (mean age: 26.5 ± 3.40 years) were recruited as the population. Craniovertebral angle, trunk angle, lumbar angle, Swayback angle, sagittal shoulder-C7 angle, coronal head tilt, sagittal head tilt, coronal shoulder angle, posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) level, and horizontal alignment of scapula were measured using an MB-Ruler. Reflective markers were placed on bony landmarks, and angular measurements were obtained by taking photographs in three planes, namely, sagittal, frontal, and anteroposterior.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The photographic analysis revealed significant deviations from ideal posture in all measured angles, including increased craniovertebral, trunk, lumbar, Swayback, sagittal shoulder-C7, sagittal head tilt, coronal head tilt, PSIS, and scapula alignment angles (<i>P</i> < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Elite cricket players in the selected age group exhibited significant postural malalignments. These deviations may increase injury risk and in turn reduce play time and performance. Preventive and corrective measures are necessary to address these issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"36-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064955/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity Pattern among Health Care Professionals and its Barriers: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Nijin Shaji Leonit Shaji, Abinaya Dhandapani, Abhinaya Selvaraj, Sudha Ramalingam","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_268_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_268_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Healthcare professionals are widely regarded as role models for healthy living. Yet, despite being equipped with medical knowledge, they often face significant barriers to maintaining adequate physical activity, compromising their health and capacity to promote wellness among patients.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess physical activity patterns among doctors in the tertiary hospital in Coimbatore, India, and to identify barriers influencing their participation in regular physical activity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to June 2025 among 152 doctors using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-Short Form) alongside structured tools to assess barriers, lifestyle, and personal habits. Physical activity was quantified in MET-minutes/week and categorized into low, moderate, and high levels. Associations with lifestyle factors were analyzed using chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A majority (72.4%) of participants were classified as highly active, 20.4% as moderately active, and 7.2% as having low physical activity. Lack of time (72.4%) was the most cited barrier, followed by lack of energy (36.9%) and inadequate access to facilities (23%). Statistically significant associations were observed between physical activity levels and frequency of eating out (<i>P</i> < 0.001), vegetable intake (<i>P</i> = 0.021), and sleep duration (<i>P</i> = 0.026).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite high physical activity levels among most doctors, substantial barriers persist that impede regular exercise. Institutional strategies targeting time constraints, fatigue, and facility access may enhance the sustainability of physical activity among medical professionals.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"30-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening Occupational Health and Safety in India.","authors":"Rajgopal Thirumalai","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_133_26","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_133_26","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064962/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are We Ignoring the Hardship of Nurses: Occupational Stress Experienced by Nurses, a Mixed-method Enquiry from India.","authors":"Hepsi Bai Joseph, Vinitha Ravindran","doi":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_17_25","DOIUrl":"10.4103/ijoem.ijoem_17_25","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nursing is identified as the stressful profession. Studies identified that organizational, professional, and personal factors are considered quantitative stress sources. However, qualitative enquiry on job stressors among nurses is limited and less explored.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A mixed-method approach was adopted with sequential-explanatory design. The first phase used cross-sectional design among 200 nurses, and the second phase used qualitative exploratory design to describe the job stressors among twelve nurses selected using the maximum variant sampling technique. The tools were the Nursing Stress Scale and a semi-structured interview guide for the individual face-to-face interview. The data was analyzed using R software and NVivo-12 software for quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The mean scores on perceived job stress were 33.6 ± 16.9. Thematic analysis found nurses' job stressors under \"Exposures\" and \"Energizers.\" The sub-themes under \"Exposures\" include blame and abuse, hierarchical conflict, workplace safety, resource scarcity, and distress. The theme \"Energizers\" describes nurses' reaction towards environmental stressors to resolve and manage the situation, including self-motivation, determined spirit, and psycho-somatic effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>As nurses try to do their best amidst stressors, it raises a call for organizational support and a need for institutional and government input in improving manpower, resource management at work, and managerial support for mitigating harassment, lack of safety, and distress is projected in this study. Although many such issues have been identified earlier, the present study has brought to the forefront what nurses experience through their accounts, which need immediate attention from the stakeholders.</p>","PeriodicalId":43585,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine","volume":"30 1","pages":"69-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13064956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147677444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}