Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)最新文献

{"title":"Collaborative Design Decision-Making With Artificial Intelligence: Exploring the Evolution and Impact of Human Confidence in AI and in Themselves","authors":"L. Chong, A. Raina, K. Goucher-Lambert, K. Kotovsky, J. Cagan","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-88574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-88574","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Decision-making assistance by artificial intelligence (AI) during design is only effective when human designers properly utilize AI input. However, designers often misjudge the AI’s and/or their own ability, leading to erroneous reliance on AI and therefore bad designs. To avoid such outcomes, it is critical to understand the evolution of designers’ confidence in both their AI teammate(s) and themselves during human-AI collaboration. Therefore, this work conducts a cognitive study to explore how experiencing various and changing (without notice) AI performance levels and feedback affects these confidences and consequently the decisions to accept or reject AI suggestions. The results first reveal that designers’ confidence in an AI agent changes with poor, but not with good, AI performance. Interestingly, designers’ self-confidence initially remains unaffected by AI accuracy; however, when the accuracy changes, self-confidence decreases regardless of the direction of the change. Moreover, this work finds that designers tend to infer flawed information from feedback, resulting in inappropriate levels of confidence in both the AI and themselves. Confidence in the AI and in themselves is also shown to affect designers’ probability of accepting AI input in opposite directions. Finally, results that are uniquely applicable to design are identified by comparing the findings from this work to those from a similar study conducted with a non-design task. Overall, this work offers valuable insights that may enable prevention and detection of designers’ inappropriate confidence and their consequent misuse of AI in design.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133246674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Iterations in Design and Development Process Illustrated Using Reconfigurable Robot Case Study","authors":"K. J. K. Leong, A. A. Hayat, Lim Yi, M. R. Elara, Elangovan Karthikeyan","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-89857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89857","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Iterations in design is ubiquitous to drive constant innovation in the pursuit of excellence in product development, service delivery, systems, and subsystems integration. Within a given time frame of a design process, iteration can occur at different scales, forms, types, etc. Iteration was highlighted recently in the innovation framework using the four ‘D’s design scheme, i.e., Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver. Iteration studies generally focus on its occurrence, modeling, classification, methods, and impact, among others, in the domain of software development, service providing, aesthetics, and functionality. However, aspects of an iteration involving complex systems like a reconfigurable system become more intriguing because of its overall morphology with changing features and the coupled design of several subsystems. This paper reports on the various factors influencing iteration and are illustrated using a case study of the development of a reconfigurable robotic system named Panthera and its subsystems designed for cleaning and maintenance tasks. The case study of Panthera is reported from its initial ideation phase to the three versions development over a span of three years. Following the journey of the system design of Panthera, it details the timeline, rationale, and insight into the iterative processes and how they are applied to the individual subsystems in consecutive design iterations. With no one solution that fits all approaches to the topic, we aim to highlight and stimulate concepts to aid designers in the design iteration.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127214340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tablets, Pens, and Pencils: The Influence of Tools on Sketching in Early Stage Design","authors":"Madhurima Das, May Huang, Maria C. Yang","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-89154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89154","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Sketching is often used as a tool during idea generation in the early stages of engineering design. At the same time, the rapid increase in remote engineering and design work paves the way for an increased reliance on digital design tools and technologies throughout the design process. Sketch quality and quantity have been shown to be linked to design perceptions and design outcomes. Additionally, sketch quality and style have been linked with the gender of the sketcher. Thus, there are financial, social, and ethical motivations for understanding how digital design tools influence sketching during early stages of engineering design.\u0000 In this study, we investigate the influence of hand sketching on a tablet as compared to pencil or pen and paper on early stage sketching for concept generation. We also assess the influence of gender on sketching attributes. We ask three mixed gender groups of participants (using pen, pencil, and a tablet) to sketch concepts in response to an open-ended design prompt. We hypothesize that participants using tablet and pencil will produce fewer drawings than those using pen due to their ability to erase and focus on perfecting drawings, and we expect participants using the tablet to produce cleaner drawings with smoother strokes due to the tablet’s ability to auto-smooth lines. Based on prior literature, we posit that women and gender minorities will produce fewer sketches and use the feathering style of sketching more than men.\u0000 We find that sketch quality is highest for pencil drawings and lower for tablet and pen drawings. We also find that concept novelty is negatively correlated with how understandable the concept is. Participants reported that experiences of drawing on paper and on the tablet differ in terms of missing the feeling of friction on the tablet and finding that too many features in a tool can be distracting during concept generation. Interestingly, participants from all groups mentioned that they were not good at sketching. Finally, we find several interesting results with respect to gender differences in sketching performance: namely, women and other gender minorities produced a higher quantity of sketches but did not have any difference in their sketch quality or style.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"401 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133109163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconfigurable Robot Design Aided With Design Cards","authors":"M. Kalimuthu, A. A. Hayat, M. R. Elara, Kris L. Wood","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-89862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89862","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Reconfigurable products and systems, or more broadly transformer products and systems, change their state or morphology to perform multiple functions depending on the needs. Such systems continue to play a vital role in developing a wide range of autonomous robotic solutions in the areas of surveillance, cleaning and maintenance, and rescue. Current reconfigurable robotic systems emphasize software, control, and electrical module development, and there is a lack of design aids or suitable mechanisms resulting in reconfiguration. The main research question for this study is: How can the design of re-configurable robot development be assisted in the early stages, focusing on suitable mechanism recommendations for transformation? Prior published work on reconfigurable systems identified three main transformation principles: expand/collapse, expose/cover, fuse/divide, and twenty facilitators. However, how these underlying principles and facilitators can aid in selecting suitable mechanisms for the required reconfiguration was not addressed. We propose a set of design card mapping the facilitators and principles to aid designers with generating innovative and novel reconfigurable robots. Using the empirical method and observing the motion generated by the range of mechanisms across domains were associated with respective underlying principles and facilitators, resulting in a set of design cards. The limited-scale pilot design study is carried out in this work which poses a design problem to the participants. The proposed design card’s usefulness and limitations are established and discussed by comparing the solutions generated with and without the use of design cards.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130115749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DTM Past, Present, and Future: Reflections on and by the Design Theory and Methodology Research Community","authors":"Christine Toh, J. Cagan, Kate Fu, D. McAdams, Christopher McComb, W. Seering, D. Thurston, Kris Wood","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-90003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper describes the results of an agenda-setting panel session that took place at the 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences organized by the Design Theory and Methodology (DTM) research community. While the state of design research in engineering design has advanced tremendously in the last thirty-five years since the formation of the DTM community, reflecting on the successes and challenges faced by this community revealed several key directions and opportunities that this community is well positioned to take. Namely, panelists and audience members in the session identified five new agenda items that have the potential to further strengthen research on Design Theory and Methodology: 1) Ethics, Equity, and Justice-focused design research, 2) Design for Sustainability research programs, and 3) Research on Computational Agents as team members in the design process,4) Building new theories from research conducted on Design Theory and Methodology, and 5) Focus on inclusive excellence in the review process of new and cross-disciplinary research. These agenda items as well as reflections on the history and legacy of the Design Theory and Methodology research community on the evolution of design research more broadly are discussed in this paper. The results of the panel session provide directions for next-generation design theory and methodology research that is effective, inclusive, and impactful.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115342831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design-Engineers’ Selection of Agency: Harm Mitigation in Ambient Intelligent Environments","authors":"Caseysimone Ballestas, Euiyoung Kim, Jesuël Lanoy, Jules Janssens","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-91063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-91063","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The computing paradigm where sensor and actuator technology work in tandem to track and act on events in real Euclidean space, known as ambient intelligence (AmI), is likely to become increasingly common due to the rapid maturation of computing technology. Installing AmI in the built environment creates ambient intelligent environments (AmIE), which strive to make the places we inhabit (invisibly) sensitive and responsive to our presence, needs, wants, and preferences. Given that built environments and the goings-on therein are complicated in an of them selves, implementing AmI for (increasingly) complicated tasks in (increasingly) complicated scenarios, increases the difficulty of managing the outcomes in AmIEs. Our previous research indicates that industry practitioners attribute the agency of AmI artifacts as responsible for these outcomes; especially when harm perpetuation is (one of) the outcome(s), which we codified as the Agency/Intelligence Axis [1]. Due to the nascence of AmI, research on best practices for the design-engineering of AmI is still emerging. This research seeks to add to this literature by evaluating our formerly identified Agency/Intelligence Axis in the context of AmIE through a case study of VyZee, a retail company working on transitioning their retail stores to “smart” stores. Our findings highlight that while VyZee seems largely unaware of any relationship between agency and perpetuating un-anticipated/-desired outcomes, they do implement an array of levels of AmI agency in their retail stores, and their justifications for their choices are presented in the discussion. Finally, coding the data revealed more nuance then previously documented in the Agency/Intelligence Axis, and a new Ambient Intelligent Agent Model, which suggests that AmI agents have six properties, is proposed.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121793560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Representation Modality on Subsystem Clustering","authors":"Alexander R. Murphy, Apurva Patel, Chiradeep Sen, J. Summers","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-90104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The representation of an engineering system can come in different modalities. These modalities may impact how designers’ reason about a given system, which could have implications for how solutions are derived to a given problem. In this paper, function structures, function graphs, and component graphs are compared to understand how each representation modality impacts subsystem clustering behavior. This was achieved through a human-subjects experiment that presented three common products (a hair dryer, a food mixer, and a toilet) represented in one of the three described modalities and a troubleshooting scenario. Results suggest that the effects of the representation modality are consistent between participants at two different universities; however, these effects are not consistent between products. Similarly, the effects of representation modality on the occurrence of element pairs also vary between products, suggesting that the specifics of the system that is represented have a non-negligible effect on the clustering patterns. This analysis can be expanded in future work to include clusters of larger size to take a deeper look at subsystem reasoning. These preliminary results show that representation modality can affect systems thinking. This work takes a step towards understanding how function modeling impacts design cognition at the subsystem level, and how functional decomposition compares to other modalities of system representation.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123159605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating Priming Effects of Sketch Evaluation Instructions on Idea Generation Productivity","authors":"M. Weaver, Jacob Buck, H. Merzdorf, Denis V. Dorozhkin, K. Douglas, J. Linsey","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-91313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-91313","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Engineering design involves intensive visual-spatial reasoning, and engineers depend upon external representation to develop concepts during idea generation. Previous research has not explored how our visual representation skills influence our idea generation effectiveness. A designer’s deficit in sketching skills could create a need for increased focus on the task of visual representation reducing cognitive resources available for the task at hand — generating concept. Further, this effect could be compounded if designers believed that their sketching skill would be evaluated or judged by their peers. This evaluation apprehension could cause additional mental workload distracting from the production of idea generation.\u0000 The goal of this study is to investigate and better understand the relationship between designers’ sketching skills and idea generation abilities. In this paper, we present preliminary results of the relationship between independent measures of sketching skill and idea generation ability from an entry-level engineering design and graphics course. During data collection, task instructions were given in two ways to independent groups: one group was instructed upfront that sketching would be evaluated, while the second group was kept blind to the sketch evaluation. In this paper, we also examine the potential priming effects of sketch quality evaluation apprehension on idea generation productivity. The results show that sketching quality and idea quantity are largely independent, and that the priming effects of sketch evaluation instructions are small to negligible on idea generation productivity.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123547254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Gender on Individual Perceptions and Team Psychological Safety in Engineering Design Teams","authors":"C. Cole, K. Jablokow, Susan Mohammed, Scarlett R. Miller","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-89910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-89910","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Improving team interactions in engineering to model gender inclusivity has been at the forefront of many initiatives in both academia and industry. However, there has been limited evidence on the impact of gender-diverse teams on psychological safety. This is important because psychological safety has been shown to be a key facet for the development of innovative ideas, and has also been shown to be a cornerstone of effective teamwork. But how does the gender diversity of a team impact the development of psychological safety? The current study was developed to explore just this through an empirical study with 38 engineering design student teams over the course of an 8-week design project. These teams were designed to be half heterogeneous (either half-male and half-female, or majority male) or other half homogeneous (all male). We captured psychological safety at five time points between the homogenous and heterogenous teams and also explored individual dichotomous (peer-review) ratings of psychological safety at the end of the project. Results indicated that there was no difference in psychological safety between gender homogenous and heterogenous teams. However, females perceived themselves as more psychologically safe with other female team members compared to their ratings of male team members. Females also perceived themselves to be less psychologically safe with male team members compared to male ratings of female team members, indicating a discrepancy in perceptions between genders. These results point to the need to further explore the role of minoritized groups in psychological safety research and to explore how this effect presents itself (or is covered up) at the team level.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123689280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boone’s Buddies: Design of a Prosthetic Rear Limb Set for Dogs With Severe Amputations","authors":"Scott E. Steinbrink, J. Baumgarner, Noah Cardella, Samantha Moretti, E. Schweitzer, D. Piovesan","doi":"10.1115/detc2022-90778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-90778","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper documents the design and implementation of a set of rear-limb prostheses for a dog, performed as a senior capstone design project by a team of students in the Biomedical and Mechanical Engineering programs at Gannon University. A particular target dog was selected to receive the design benefit. The unique features of this design arise from the severe nature of the dog’s amputations — the extent of injury requiring amputation resulted in very little residual limb, making secure attachment difficult. In addition, project goals included the ability to allow mobility on uneven surfaces, enhanced ability for the dog to raise and right himself, hygienic issues and ease of attachment/detachment. Benchmark studies found many competitor products on the market, but each fell short in meeting this particular dog’s needs in some way.","PeriodicalId":435428,"journal":{"name":"Volume 6: 34th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology (DTM)","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114222253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}