Surface Science Reports最新文献

{"title":"Physical and chemical phenomena occurring between solid ceramics and liquid metals and alloys at laser and plasma composite coatings formation: A review","authors":"Soufiane Oukach ,&nbsp;Bernard Pateyron ,&nbsp;Lech Pawłowski","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The review describes the physical and chemical phenomena occurring between solid ceramics used as reinforcement and liquid metals<span> and alloys used as matrix in the composite coatings. Initially, the properties of typical matrix metals as Ni, Co, Fe and alloys as Ni-based (NiCr, NiAl, NiCrAlY,…) and Co-based (</span></span><em>Stellites</em><span>) alloys in liquid state are described. Then, the phenomena related to the diffusion<span><span> of some atoms such as nitrogen or carbon in liquid metals and alloys solidification are described. Subsequently, the phenomena at the interface between liquid metals and alloys and solid ceramics such as oxides or carbides during the coatings' formation are reviewed. Finally, the methods of composite coatings deposition using </span>laser cladding and plasma transferred arc are described and the properties of the composite coatings related to their microstructure are discussed by taking into account the phenomena in melt-pool.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"74 3","pages":"Pages 213-241"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.06.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1945436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confined on-surface organic synthesis: Strategies and mechanisms","authors":"Tao Wang,&nbsp;Junfa Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.05.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>On-surface synthesis has been one of the hottest research fields in surface science in the last decade, owing to its great potential for bottom-up synthesis of functional molecules and covalent nanomaterials. Compared to classical in-solution chemistry, all of the on-surface reactions are done without solvent, thus very minimal byproducts and no limitation of solubility are involved. However, because of its typically required ultra-high vacuum conditions, where only limited catalysts can be used, a key challenge for on-surface synthesis is the precise control of the reaction pathway. Countless efforts have been made for controllable synthesis of target chemical structures on surfaces by distinct strategies. These strategies can be summarized under following aspects: 1) rational choice of surfaces; 2) template effects based on two-dimensional (2D) environments; 3) on-surface thermodynamic and kinetic controls; 4) the participation of chemisorbed nonmetal adatoms on surfaces. This report reviews the recent progress toward the control of on-surface synthesis and raises a series of questions at the end, which deserve further explorations in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"74 2","pages":"Pages 97-140"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1945438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas-surface interactions on two-dimensional crystals","authors":"Uwe Burghaus","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two-dimensional (2D) crystals have developed into a popular mainstream research topic which is interesting for basic research and many applications. Gas-surface interactions, as reviewed here, are important for catalysis including noble metal-free catalysts, materials science, and surface science as well as environmental and energy technologies. Basic science concerns fundamental differences of 2D crystals and bulk materials as well as e.g. how the substrate of epitaxial 2D crystals affects their surface properties.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Most of the attention so far obtained (gas-phase) water adsorption which always was an evergreen in surface science. However, studies about small inorganic/organic molecule adsorption (CO, CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, H, rare gases, H&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;S, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;, alkanes, benzene, alcohols, thiophene&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, etc.) and surface reactions on 2D crystals (CO oxidation&lt;span&gt;, ethylene epoxidation, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;oxygen reduction reaction, SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;SO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; oxidation) started to appear in the literature as well. This review describes all of these probe molecules, but focuses on experimental and theoretical surface science model studies usually conducted at ultra-high vacuum (UHV).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The review focusses on graphene and functionalized graphene (graphene oxide, N-graphene, etc.) since the bulk of the literature deals with that system. However, included in fair detail are also many other 2D crystals such as silicatene, zeolite&lt;span&gt; films (doped silicatene), metal dichalcogenides (such as MoS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, WS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;), boron nitride, MXenes, germanene, &lt;/span&gt;silicene, TiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, graphane, graphone, and portlandene.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;As a prototypical example, in recent projects, the wetting properties of e.g. graphene for water were controversially discussed. Therefore, a long chapter is devoted to water on graphene. That dispute was originally based on contact angle measurements at ambient pressure. In the meanwhile detailed surface science works including theoretical modelling are available. Literature on other carboneous surfaces such as HOPG (see list of acronyms) will be considered as a reference. Related works are also visible for other inorganic 2D crystals such as silicatene, i.e., 2D-SiO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, or 2D-MoS&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; as well as functionalized 2D crystals (i.e. graphene oxide, N-doped graphene, graphane, etc.). Hydrophobic systems also are interesting for applications.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although included in this review, but not described in very detail are electro chemistry&lt;span&gt; studies, projects in the liquid phase, photo-chemistry, high pressure catalysis, and pure engineering studies (membranes, separation, fuel cells). However, in comparison with 2D crystals and to perhaps motivate related UHV surface chemistry projects in the future many of these projects were i","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"74 2","pages":"Pages 141-177"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.01.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1945440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Directional Auger and elastic peak electron spectroscopies: Versatile methods to reveal near-surface crystal structure","authors":"I. Morawski,&nbsp;M. Nowicki","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.05.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;A review of directional Auger (DAES) and directional elastic peak electron spectroscopy (DEPES) for investigations of the short range order&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; within a near-surface region, similar to XPD, is presented. The application of these techniques requires nothing more than a retarding field analyser (RFA), commonly applied for the observation of low energy &lt;/span&gt;electron diffraction (LEED) patterns and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) measurements, for in depth structural investigations associated with the short range order within a near-surface region. The physical principles, experimental set-up, as well as examples of experimental and theoretical results, the latter obtained with the use of single scattering cluster (SSC) and multiple scattering (MS) calculations adopted for primary electron plane wave, are shown. The scattering geometry and details concerning the scattering events of primary electrons in crystalline solids described by SSC and MS approximations are presented. Furthermore, some issues related to computation parameters such as: maximal scattering order, the maximum radius around the emitter, the number of cluster layers, and the averaging range considered in the calculations are also addressed. The presentation of the data obtained for clean and covered substrates in the form of polar profiles and stereographic intensity distributions enables the straightforward identification of the crystalline structure within the first few sample layers. The data presented in the form of anisotropy maps enable the identification of interatomic axes formed between substrate and adsorbate atoms at the interface. The contribution of different sample layers to the final DEPES signal is discussed. The comparison of &lt;/span&gt;DAES&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; results with those obtained by means of x-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) is also presented. The qualitative and quantitative data analysis, the latter achieved by the comparison of experimental data with theoretical results by means of an R-factor analysis, is shown. The application of DAES and DEPES enables the characterization of the crystalline structure of adsorption systems from one monolayer (1 ML) up to thicknesses of the adsorbate limited by the inelastic mean free path of the registered electrons. Exemplary results are presented for adsorption systems, where the adsorbate and the substrate crystallize in the same (Ag/Cu, Pt/Cu, Cu/Pt) and in different (Cu/Ru) structures. The influence of the large unit cell of graphene formed on Ru(0001) on measured DEPES intensities is also shown. The detailed analysis of these results enables an identification of the short range order of atoms within the near-surface region, of adsorbate domains exhibiting different orientation with respect to the crystalline substrate, the determination of the domain populations, the relaxation and termination of the surface, the specific adsorption sites of &lt;/span&gt;adsorbed atoms, as well as the positions ","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"74 2","pages":"Pages 178-212"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2019.05.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1945441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexagonal boron nitride monolayers on metal supports: Versatile templates for atoms, molecules and nanostructures","authors":"Willi Auwärter","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.10.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hexagonal boron nitride (<em>h</em>BN) monolayers have attracted considerable interest as atomically thin sp²-hybridized sheets that are readily synthesized on various metal supports. They complement the library of two-dimensional materials including graphene and open perspectives for van der Waals heterostructures. In this review, we discuss the surface science of <em>h</em>BN including its growth, the <em>h</em>BN/metal interface and its application as template for adsorbates. We mainly focus on experimental studies on <em>h</em>BN/metal single crystals under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The interfaces are classified regarding their geometric structure - ranging from planar to strongly corrugated overlayers - and their electronic properties - covering weakly and strongly interacting systems. The main part of this review deals with <em>h</em>BN/metal substrates acting as supports for adsorbates such as individual atoms, metal clusters, organic molecules, metal-organic complexes and networks. We summarize recent surface science studies that reveal the unique role of the <em>h</em>BN/metal interfaces in tailoring characteristic properties of such adsorbates. Central aspects include templating and self-assembly, catalytic activity and on-surface reactions, electronic and magnetic structure. As many of the resulting systems feature superstructures with periodicities in the nanometer range, a length scale also reflecting the size of adsorbates, scanning probe microscopy is one of the most common techniques employed. In short, the goal of this review is to give an overview on the experimental and complementary theoretical studies on <em>h</em>BN templates available to date and to highlight future perspectives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"74 1","pages":"Pages 1-95"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1847968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Water confined in two-dimensions: Fundamentals and applications","authors":"Pantelis Bampoulis,&nbsp;Kai Sotthewes,&nbsp;Edwin Dollekamp,&nbsp;Bene Poelsema","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.09.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The behavior of water in close proximity to other materials under ambient conditions is of great significance due to its importance in a broad range of daily applications and scientific research. The structure and dynamics of water at an interface or in a nanopore are often significantly different from those of its bulk counterpart. Until recently, experimental access to these interfacial water structures was difficult to realize. The advent of two-dimensional materials, especially graphene, and the availability of various </span>scanning probe microscopies were instrumental to visualize, characterize and provide fundamental knowledge of confined water. This review article summarizes the recent experimental and theoretical progress in a better understanding of water confined between layered Van der Waals materials. These results reveal that the structure and stability of the hydrogen bonded networks are determined by the elegant balance between water-surface and water-water interactions. The water-surface interactions often lead to structures that differ significantly from the conventional bilayer model of natural ice. Here, we review the current knowledge of water adsorption in different environments and intercalation within various confinements. In addition, we extend this review to cover the influence of interfacial water on the two-dimensional material cover and summarize the use of these systems in potential novel applications. Finally, we discuss emerged issues and identify some flaws in the present understanding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"73 6","pages":"Pages 233-264"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.09.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1847969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Angle-resolved desorption and removal of surface nitrogen in deNOx","authors":"Tatsuo Matsushima ,&nbsp;Anton Kokalj","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This paper reports on recent progress on angle-resolved desorption leading to structure-sensitive desorption dynamics. The sensitivity is exemplified in NO and N</span>₂<span>O reduction on Pd and Rh surfaces. The energy partitioning in the repulsive desorption of hyper-thermal products into their rotational and translational modes is an indispensable concept to examine the structure of a reaction site from desorbing molecules because it connects the structure of a transition state with each energy of desorbed products. The extent of the energy partitioning will be derived from the desorption-angle dependences of both the rotational and translational energies at each vibrational state<span>. Such energy analysis has never been completed for any thermal reactive desorption. A new type of measurement is thus proposed. Additionally, we discuss the inadequate use of </span></span><span><em>the </em><em>detailed balance</em><em> principle</em></span> in desorption dynamics, which has prevented desorption dynamics from being sensitive to surface structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"73 5","pages":"Pages 191-212"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2187001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pauling's rules for oxide surfaces","authors":"Tassie K. Andersen ,&nbsp;Dillon D. Fong ,&nbsp;Laurence D. Marks","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Determination of surface structures currently requires careful measurement and computationally expensive methods since, unlike bulk crystals, guiding principles for generating surface structural hypotheses are frequently lacking. Herein, we discuss the applicability of Pauling's rules as a set of guidelines for surface structures. The wealth of solved reconstructions on SrTiO₃<span> (100), (110), and (111) are considered, as well as nanostructures on these surfaces and a few other ABO</span>₃<span> oxide materials. These rules are found to explain atomic arrangements for reconstructions and thin films just as they apply to bulk oxide materials. Using this data and Pauling's rules, the fundamental structural units of reconstructions and their arrangement are discussed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"73 5","pages":"Pages 213-232"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"2484824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Catalyst design using an inverse strategy: From mechanistic studies on inverted model catalysts to applications of oxide-coated metal nanoparticles","authors":"Jing Zhang,&nbsp;J. Will Medlin","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.06.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Metal-oxide interfaces are of great importance in catalytic applications since each material can provide a distinct functionality that is necessary for efficient catalysis in complex reaction<span> pathways. Moreover, the synergy between two materials can yield properties that exceed the superposition of single sites. While interfaces between metals and metal oxides can play a key role in the reactivity of traditional supported catalysts, significant attention has recently been focused on using “inverted” oxide/metal catalysts to prepare catalytic interfaces with unique properties. In the inverted systems, metal surfaces or </span></span>nanoparticles<span><span> are covered by oxide layers ranging from submonolayer patches to continuous films with thickness at the nanometer scale. Inverse catalysts provide an alternative approach for catalyst design that emphasizes control over interfacial sites, including inverted model catalysts that provide an important tool for elucidation of mechanisms of interfacial catalytic reactions and oxide-coated metal </span>nanoparticles<span> that can yield improved stability, activity and selectivity for practical catalysts.</span></span></p><p><span><span>This review begins by providing a summary of recent progress in the use of inverted model catalysts in surface science studies, where oxides are usually deposited onto the surface of metal </span>single crystals<span> under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Surface-level studies of inverse systems have yielded key insights into interfacial catalysis and facilitated active site identification for important reactions such as CO oxidation, the water-gas shift reaction, and CO</span></span>₂<span> reduction using well-defined model systems, informing strategies for designing improved technical catalysts. We then expand the scope of inverted catalysts, using the “inverse” strategy for preparation of higher-surface area practical catalysts, chiefly through the deposition of metal oxide films or particles onto metal nanoparticles. The synthesis techniques include encapsulation of metal nanoparticles within porous oxide shells to generate core-shell type catalysts using wet chemical techniques, the application of oxide overcoat layers through atomic layer deposition or similar techniques, and spontaneous formation of metal oxide coatings from more conventional catalyst geometries under reaction or pretreatment conditions. Oxide-coated metal nanoparticles have been applied for improvement of catalyst stability, control over transport or binding to active sites, direct modification of the active site structure, and formation of bifunctional sites. Following a survey of recent studies in each of these areas, future directions of inverted catalytic systems are discussed.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"73 4","pages":"Pages 117-152"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.06.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1945442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactions of incident H atoms with metal surfaces","authors":"Michelle S. Hofman ,&nbsp;Dwayne Z. Wang ,&nbsp;Yuxin Yang ,&nbsp;Bruce E. Koel","doi":"10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Atomic hydrogen is a highly reactive species of interest because of its role in a wide range of applications and technologies. Knowledge about the interactions of incident H atoms on metal surfaces is important for our understanding of many processes such as those occurring in plasma-enhanced catalysis and nuclear fusion in tokamak reactors. Herein we review some of the numerous experimental </span>surface science studies that have focused on the interactions of H atoms that are incident on low-Miller index metal single-crystal surfaces. We briefly summarize the different incident H atom reaction mechanisms and several of the available methods to create H atoms in </span>UHV<span> environments before addressing the key thermodynamic and kinetic data available on metal and modified metal surfaces. Generally, H atoms are very reactive and exhibit high sticking coefficients even on metals where H</span></span>₂<span> molecules do not dissociate under UHV conditions. This reactivity is often reduced by adsorbates on the surface, which also create new reaction pathways. Abstraction of surface-bound D(H) adatoms<span> by incident H(D) atoms often occurs by an Eley-Rideal mechanism, while a hot atom mechanism produces structural effects in the abstraction rates and forms homonuclear products. Additionally, incident H atoms can often induce surface reconstructions and populate subsurface and bulk absorption sites. The absorbed H atoms recombine to desorb H</span></span>₂<span> at lower temperature and can also exhibit higher subsequent reactivity with adsorbates than surface-bound H adatoms. Incident H atoms, either directly or via sorbed hydrogen species, hydrogenate adsorbed hydrocarbons, sulfur, alkali metals, oxygen, halogens, and other adatoms and small molecules. Thus, H atoms from the gas phase incident on surfaces and adsorbed layers create new reaction channels and products beyond those found from interactions of H</span>₂<span> molecules. Detailed aspects of the dynamics and energy transfer associated with these interactions and the important applications of hydrogen in plasma processing of semiconductors are beyond the scope of this review.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":434,"journal":{"name":"Surface Science Reports","volume":"73 4","pages":"Pages 153-189"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.surfrep.2018.06.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"1828690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}