Iranica Antiqua最新文献

{"title":"About the early copper of Mesopotamia","authors":"F. Begemann, S. Schmitt-Strecker","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034374","url":null,"abstract":"A lead isotope study »On the Early copper of Mesopotamia« reports on copper-base artefacts ranging in age from the 4 th millennium BC (Uruk period) to the Akkadian at the end of the 3 rd millennium BC. Arguments are presented that, in the (tin)bronzes, the lead associated with the tin used for alloying did not contribute to the total in any detectable way. Hence, the lead isotopy traces the copper and cannot address the problem of the provenance of tin. The data suggest as possible source region of the copper a variety of ore occurrences in Anatolia, Iran, Oman, Palestine and, rather unexpectedly (by us), from India. During the earliest period the isotopic signature of ores from Central and North Anatolia is dominant; during the next millennium this region loses its importance and is hardly present any more at all. Instead, southeast Anatolia, central Iran, Oman, Feinan-Timna in the rift valley between Dead Sea and Red Sea, and sources in the Caucasus are now potential suppliers of the copper. Generally, an unambiguous assignment of an artefact to any of the ores is not possible because the isotopic fingerprints of ore occurrences are not unique. In our suite of samples bronze objects become important during ED III (middle of the 3 rd millennium BC) but they never make up more than 50% of the total. They are distinguished in their lead isotopy by very high 206 Pb-normalized abundance ratios. As source of such copper we suggest Gujarat/ Southern Rajasthan which, on general grounds, has been proposed before to have been the most important supplier of copper in Ancient India. We propose this Indian copper to have been arsenic-poor and to be the urudu-luh-ha variety which is one of the two sorts of purified copper mentioned in contemporaneous written texts from Mesopotamia to have been in circulation there concurrently.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68055167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Roman emperor at Bishapur and Darabgird - Uranius Antoninus and the Black Stone of Emesa","authors":"B. Overlaet","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034386","url":null,"abstract":"The Roman emperors on the rock reliefs of Shapur I at Darabgird and Bishapur are traditionally identified as Gordianus III, Philippus Arabs and Valerianus. The foreign delegations / prisoners on the Bishapur III relief have been interpreted as a reference to both the Roman Empire and the Eastern frontiers of the Sasanian Empire (Kushan). These references are evaluated and an alternative interpretation is considered. The Bishapur III sculpture is seen as referring to Shapur's Syrian campaign in 253 AD. A heavy object among the booty is identified as the black stone of Emesa (ancient Homs in Syria), a famous baethyl. The \"spoils of war\", such as the large boulder (stone of Emesa, depicted twice), a cart, textiles and vessels, all relate to its cult. The Roman emperor is identified as the Roman usurper-emperor Uranius Antoninus, the last in line of the priest-kings of Emesa. Historic sources relate this meeting between Shapur and Uranius Antoninus (called Sampsigeramos). The Roman emperor is depicted kneeling in supplication and standing as an ally next to Shapur's horse. Bishapur II and Darabgird represent the same event. This dates these reliefs to 254 AD.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"461-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ASHURBANIPAL'S FEAST : A VIEW FROM ELAM","authors":"Javier Álvarez-Mon","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034378","url":null,"abstract":"As observed by numerous commentators, the slab relief panel from the North Palace at Nineveh depicting the banquet of Ashurbanipal is, in a variety of ways, most exceptional. In these pages, I will explore this relief within the context of an Elamite viewpoint and look into those aspects of the relief which directly point to an Elamite political and cultural milieu. This background evidence, together with an in-depth analysis of the garment and headdress styles espoused by the enthroned lady, further expand our insights regarding its conception, intended audience, and the identities of main participants exhibited in the relief.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"131-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE SASANIAN ROCK RELIEF OF BAHRAM II AT GUYUM (FARS, IRAN)","authors":"E. Haerinck, B. Overlaet","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034387","url":null,"abstract":"The rock carving at Guyum is known since the early 20 th century but did not receive full attention yet. Situated to the north of Shiraz, it can be attrib- uted to the reign of the Sasanian king Bahram II. The panel depicts the standing king Bahram II in full, in a venerating position with bent forefi nger and holding a sword with his left hand. A detailed discussion is presented as well as several previously unpublished photographs.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"531-558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034387","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"WAHRĀM II., KÖNIG DER KÖNIGE VON ERÄN UND ANERÄN","authors":"U. Weber","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034388","url":null,"abstract":"»Wahram II, King of kings of Ērān and Anērān«. After three years of kingship, Wahrām I died and his son Wahram II ascended the throne. He ruled the Sasanian Empire for seventeen years (276-293 AD). Wahram II was the fifth sāhān sāh of the so-called New Persian Empire that had been founded by Ardasīr I in 224 AD. During his long reign, Wahram endeavoured to secure the throne for his family and to fix the succession correctly to his father's mind. Numerous rock reliefs commissioned by him show him within the family and with the highest dignitaries of the empire. Those images were a proven device for displaying his entitlement to the Sasanian throne. As regards domestic policy and foreign affairs, difficulties characterize Wahrām's reign. The most prominent of them were the many years' rebellion of his brother (or cousin?), prince Ormies (Hormezd), and the serious setbacks in the Sasanian fight against Rome. The main reasons for this development were the king's turning away from the tolerant religious policy of his predecessors and the rebellion of Ormies (Hormezd) that lasted for almost ten years. The situation became even worst because of the struggle for the throne after Wahram's death. Four people stand out from the great number of Wahram's relatives and are documented in the sources: his brother Ormies (Hormezd); his wife, the 'Queen of queens', whose name remains unknown; his concubine, the Christian martyr Qandīdā, who originally came from the territories of the Roman empire; and his son and successor Wahram III (293 AD). Like his predecessors, Wahram II was a devout follower and patron of Zoroastrianism. His conviction follows from his titles, his coins and reliefs. His religious policy was decisively shaped by his promotion of the mowbed Kerdir on whom he showered extraordinary honours and powers. By that, Kerdir got decisive space to intensively foster Zoroastrianism and, at the same time, to persecute all other religions, not the least the Christians and the Manichaeans. It was in Wahram II's time that the first persecution of the Christians took place. However, it had not the dimensions of the later ones. During this persecution, Wahrām's concubine Qandīdā died a martyr's death.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"559-643"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034388","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HAFTAVAN IV (IRON II) SETTLEMENT CEMETERY: NW-IRAN, AZERBAIJAN","authors":"H. Tala'i, A. Aliyari","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034376","url":null,"abstract":"Some 25 graves excavated at Haftavan Tepe in Iranian Azerbaijan came from Iron Age II, Haftavan IV. This article examines the contents of the graves; all are simple pit graves with relatively simple ceramics and a poor collection of jewelry and other personal ornaments. The burials have been dug in the cemetery at the edges of the settlement areas. This can be seen in marked contrast to the old burial practices of period VI (LBA), where burials were made at various points under the settlement floor and, most importantly, infants were buried in jars. On the basis of relative dating, typological parallels and stratigraphic sources, the use of the graves can be assigned to the 12 th to 8 th centuries BC. Finally, from an overall viewpoint, the tentative nature of the conclusions presented in the article must be stressed.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"89-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034376","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DIE DARSTELLUNG DER 23 VÖLKER AUF DEN RELIEFS DES APADANA VON PERSEPOLIS","authors":"G. Gropp","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034381","url":null,"abstract":"Article title: »The 23 subject peoples on the Apadana staircases of Persepolis«. Many scholars tried from 1910 to 2006 to identify the peoples depicted on the staircases of the Apadana in Persepolis, but up to now without finding an accord. The staircases were not constructed in the time of Xerxes (as his inscription may signify) but by Dareios during the Ionian revolt of 499-494 BC. The list is similar to that on the statue of Dareios from Susa, there are depicted the 24 peoples of the empire (together with the Persians), at the Apadana you see the 23 satrapies (the Persis was not a satrapy, it was the personal property of the Great King). The Jonians (Greek) are not mentioned in both lists, at the Apadana they were wrongly looked for. During the revolt Thracia was no more part of the empire, so the Skudra, depicted on the Apadana, can not be located there, their satrapy was Paphlagonia in Asia Minor. At the Apadana the peoples are not arranged in geographical or ethnical order, but Persian and Median magistrates regularly exchange to lead the delegations, these are the satraps. The satraps were very important rulers of the empire, but as Kyros had promised after his victory over Astyages to give the Medes a share in government, the Medes were taking half part of this office also. Identifying the peoples you will observe groups with similar garments, getting informations about historical tribal ties. There are some more reliefs and inscriptions with lists of satrapies at Persepolis. By comparison you will observe three distributions of satrapies by Dareios and Xerxes. There were also added new peoples, which are to be located in western Anatolia and around the Caspian Sea. The reason of arranging the peoples against geographical order in these lists of satrapies is that they follow the personal dignity of the satraps. Our first attempt to call the satraps depicted at the Apadana by their names is still quite provisory and should be completed with the help of collegues in near future.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"283-359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE VOCABULARY AND SYNTAX OF ICONOGRAPHY IN SASANIAN IRAN","authors":"A. Soudavar","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034385","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to establish that Sasanian functionaries had to develop a sophisticated iconographical language to propagate a political propa- ganda aimed at a mostly illiterate population. This iconographical language not only complements the written word, but stands on its own merits in shedding some light on information not easily understood in texts. It also provides a testing ground for the interpretation of complex slogans and philological guessing.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"417-460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034385","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"STRUCTURE, AGENCY AND COMMERCE IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST","authors":"C. Lamberg‐Karlovsky","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034375","url":null,"abstract":"The nature of the economy in the Bronze Age of the Near East has been long debated. Various models are reviewed, as is the role of merchants, the structure and extent of 'international trade', and the nature of the market-economy. The diversity of co-occuring structures are seen as characteristic of the ancient economy.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"47-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68054726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"FURTHER EXCAVATIONS AT QALEH KALI (MS 46) BY THE JOINT ICAR-UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY MAMASANI EXPEDITION : RESULTS OF THE 2008 SEASON","authors":"D. Potts, A. A. Chaverdi, I. K. Mcrae, K. Alamdari, A. Dusting, J. Jaffari, T. Ellicott, A. Setoudeh, A. Lashkari, Sh. Ameli Rad, A. Yazdani","doi":"10.2143/IA.44.0.2034380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034380","url":null,"abstract":"A second season of excavations was undertaken at Qaleh Kali during the winter of 2007/8. Initially, work was concentrated around one of the trenches opened in 2007 (E0978/N1055) in order to ascertain the extent of the Achaemenid pavement and portico exposed there. Later work focused on identifying mudbrick structures on stone foundations to the north of the portico. It is not yet certain whether these date to the Achaemenid or post-Achaemenid period.","PeriodicalId":43366,"journal":{"name":"Iranica Antiqua","volume":"44 1","pages":"207-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2143/IA.44.0.2034380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68056207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}