A Roman emperor at Bishapur and Darabgird - Uranius Antoninus and the Black Stone of Emesa

The Roman emperors on the rock reliefs of Shapur I at Darabgird and Bishapur are traditionally identified as Gordianus III, Philippus Arabs and Valerianus. The foreign delegations / prisoners on the Bishapur III relief have been interpreted as a reference to both the Roman Empire and the Eastern frontiers of the Sasanian Empire (Kushan). These references are evaluated and an alternative interpretation is considered. The Bishapur III sculpture is seen as referring to Shapur's Syrian campaign in 253 AD. A heavy object among the booty is identified as the black stone of Emesa (ancient Homs in Syria), a famous baethyl. The "spoils of war", such as the large boulder (stone of Emesa, depicted twice), a cart, textiles and vessels, all relate to its cult. The Roman emperor is identified as the Roman usurper-emperor Uranius Antoninus, the last in line of the priest-kings of Emesa. Historic sources relate this meeting between Shapur and Uranius Antoninus (called Sampsigeramos). The Roman emperor is depicted kneeling in supplication and standing as an ally next to Shapur's horse. Bishapur II and Darabgird represent the same event. This dates these reliefs to 254 AD.