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Selecting only the best and brightest? An assessment of migration policy selectivity and its effectiveness 只选择最优秀和最聪明的人？对移民政策选择性及其有效性的评估
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.9
Glenn Rayp, Ilse Ruyssen, Samuel Standaert
{"title":"Selecting only the best and brightest? An assessment of migration policy selectivity and its effectiveness","authors":"Glenn Rayp, Ilse Ruyssen, Samuel Standaert","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.9","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a new set of comprehensive and cross-country-comparable indexes of migration policy selectivity. Crucially, these reflect the multidimensional nature of the differential treatment of migrants. We use these indexes to study the evolution of migration policy selectivity and estimate how they affect migration flows. Combining all publicly available and relevant data since WWII, we build three composite indexes that identify selectivity in terms of skills, economic resources and nationality. First, we use these to characterize migration policies in 42 countries between 1990 and 2014. Second, we examine the relationship between the selectivity of migration policy and migration flows. Each of the three dimensions of migration policy is found to correlate strongly and significantly with both the size and structure of migration flows.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Child growth and refugee status: evidence from Syrian migrants in Turkey 儿童成长与难民身份：土耳其境内叙利亚移民的证据
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.12
Murat Demirci, Andrew D. Foster, Murat G. Kırdar
{"title":"Child growth and refugee status: evidence from Syrian migrants in Turkey","authors":"Murat Demirci, Andrew D. Foster, Murat G. Kırdar","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.12","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines disparities in health and nutrition among native and Syrian refugee children in Turkey. To understand the need for targeted programs addressing child well-being among the refugee population, we analyze the Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) – which provides representative data for a large refugee and native population. We find no evidence of a difference in infant or child mortality between refugee children born in Turkey and native children. However, refugee infants born in Turkey have lower birthweight and age-adjusted weight and height than native infants. When we account for a rich set of birth and socioeconomic characteristics that display substantial differences between natives and refugees, the gaps in birthweight and age-adjusted height persist, but the gap in age-adjusted weight disappears. Moreover, the remaining gaps in birthweight and anthropometric outcomes are limited to the lower end of the distribution. The observed gaps are even larger for refugee infants born before migrating to Turkey, suggesting that the remaining deficits reflect conditions in the source country before migration rather than deficits in access to health services within Turkey. Finally, comparing children by the country of their first trimester, we find evidence of the detrimental effects of stress exposure during pregnancy.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Demographic change, secular stagnation, and inequality: automation as a blessing? 人口变化、世俗停滞和不平等：自动化是福气？
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.10
Arthur Jacobs, Freddy Heylen
{"title":"Demographic change, secular stagnation, and inequality: automation as a blessing?","authors":"Arthur Jacobs, Freddy Heylen","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.10","url":null,"abstract":"We study whether the increased adoption of available automation technologies allows economies to avoid the negative effect of aging on per capita output. We develop a quantitative theory in which firms choose to which extent they automate in response to a declining workforce and rising old-age dependency. An important element in our model is the integration of two capital types: automation capital that acts as a substitute to human labor, and traditional capital that is a complement to labor. Empirically, our model's predictions largely match data regarding automation (robotization) density across OECD countries. Simulating the model, we find that aging-induced automation only partially compensates the negative growth effect of aging in the absence of technical progress in automation technology. One reason is that automated tasks are no perfect substitutes for non-automated tasks. A second reason is that automation raises the interest rate and thus inhibits positive behavioral reactions to aging (later retirement and investment in human capital). Moreover, increased automation generates a falling net labor share of income and rising welfare inequality. We evaluate alternative policy responses to cope with this inequality.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A poisoned gift? The hireability signals of an income-support program for the senior unemployed 一份有毒的礼物？高龄失业者收入支持计划的可雇用性信号
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.11
Axana Dalle, Philippe Sterkens, Stijn Baert
{"title":"A poisoned gift? The hireability signals of an income-support program for the senior unemployed","authors":"Axana Dalle, Philippe Sterkens, Stijn Baert","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.11","url":null,"abstract":"Many Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries invest heavily in labor-market programs to prolong careers. Although active labor-market programs have frequently been evaluated, less is known about passive programs supporting unemployed seniors financially. We focus on the latter by investigating the hiring opportunities of candidates who partake in a regime that ensures dismissed seniors a company supplement alongside regular unemployment benefits. Therefore, we conduct a scenario experiment in which genuine recruiters evaluate fictitious candidates who have spent varying durations unemployed in regimes with and without the company supplement. Because recruiters evaluate candidates' hireability and productivity perceptions, we can identify underlying mechanisms. Overall, we find no evidence of employer-side stigma hindering the re-employment of seniors unemployed in the program. Conversely, longer-term unemployed even benefit from this regime because it mitigates regular stigmatization of long-term unemployment, especially for men. Specifically, recruiters judge them more mildly – particularly regarding flexibility – when they receive the supplement and still apply.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The evolution of veteran educational attainment gaps over the life cycle 退伍军人教育程度差距在生命周期中的演变
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.5
Jason Ward, Jeffrey B. Wenger, Teresa Kroeger
{"title":"The evolution of veteran educational attainment gaps over the life cycle","authors":"Jason Ward, Jeffrey B. Wenger, Teresa Kroeger","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.5","url":null,"abstract":"Individuals who serve in the military substitute work experience for post-secondary educational attainment after high school, leading to large educational attainment gaps between new veterans and observably similar nonveterans. Little is known about the evolution of these gaps by age and across cohorts. We investigate the life-cycle attainment of veterans relative to nonveterans using a synthetic panel data approach. Following five multiyear birth cohorts we find that, on average, veterans close a 20-percentage point gap in attainment of a bachelor's or greater over time and significantly outpace observably similar nonveterans in attainment of an associate's degree. Female and minority veterans exceeded the attainment of similar nonveterans over time, and more recent birth cohorts began with larger gaps but closed them at younger ages due to increasing levels of both enrollment and enrollment intensity. Our findings highlight the important role of military service in facilitating social mobility through educational attainment.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142262473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Breaking the misery wheel? Fertility control, social mobility, and biological well-being in rural Spain (1835–1959) 打破苦难轮回？西班牙农村地区的生育控制、社会流动性和生物福祉（1835-1959 年）
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.6
Francisco J. Marco-Gracia, Ángel Luis González-Esteban
{"title":"Breaking the misery wheel? Fertility control, social mobility, and biological well-being in rural Spain (1835–1959)","authors":"Francisco J. Marco-Gracia, Ángel Luis González-Esteban","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.6","url":null,"abstract":"Fertility control strategies became widespread in rural Spain through the twentieth century: a significant number of parents decided to reduce their marital fertility once the advantages of control strategies became widely known. This paper explores the impact of those practices on children through a comparative study of the heights and occupations of grandparents, parents, and children. We analyze more than 1,200 individuals from three different generations born between 1835 and 1959 in 14 rural Spanish villages, studying whether the advantages associated with fertility control were maintained over time favoring a better family status or whether they were diluted in the next generation. The largest increases in height were among children whose parents controlled their fertility by stopping having children before the mother's 36th birthday. However, it does not seem that this increase in biological well-being was accompanied by major episodes of upward social mobility.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140828316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Household structure decisions and positive wealth shocks: a natural experiment from the Spanish Christmas lottery 家庭结构决策与正财富冲击：来自西班牙圣诞彩票的自然实验
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.2
Levi Pérez, Álvaro Muñiz
{"title":"Household structure decisions and positive wealth shocks: a natural experiment from the Spanish Christmas lottery","authors":"Levi Pérez, Álvaro Muñiz","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores whether a positive unexpected exogenous (unearned) wealth shock affects household structure decisions in different Spanish regions. The Christmas draw of the Spanish National Lottery is used in a natural experiment as a proxy for exogenous random variations in provincial wealth. A static and dynamic linear panel event-study design allows for control of changing economic and demographic conditions at the province level and the dynamic effects on the analyzed decisions. The evidence is consistent with families getting divorced and having children when the province in which they live experiences an unexpected increase in wealth, but no conclusive effect on wedding plans is found.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140169813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Can refugees improve native children's health?: evidence from Turkey 难民能否改善本地儿童的健康状况？
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.1
Cansu Oymak, Jean-François Maystadt
{"title":"Can refugees improve native children's health?: evidence from Turkey","authors":"Cansu Oymak, Jean-François Maystadt","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Following the most dramatic migration episode of the 21st century, Turkey hosted the largest number of Syrian refugees in the world. This paper assesses the impact of the arrival of Syrian refugees on the Turkish children's health, with a focus on height – a standard nutritional outcome. Accounting for the endogenous choice of immigrant location, our results show that Turkish children residing in provinces with a large share of refugees exhibit a significant improvement in their height as compared to those living in provinces with fewer refugees. Against other potential channels, a refugee-induced increase in maternal unemployment and the associated increase in maternal care seem to explain the observed positive effect on children's health.</p>","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140146738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The impact of female education on fertility: evidence from Malawi Universal Primary Education program 女性教育对生育率的影响：马拉维普及初等教育计划的证据
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2024.3
Tianheng Wang
{"title":"The impact of female education on fertility: evidence from Malawi Universal Primary Education program","authors":"Tianheng Wang","doi":"10.1017/dem.2024.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2024.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper examines the impact of female education on fertility outcomes by using the Universal Primary Education (UPE) program in Malawi as a natural experiment. The finding indicates that the UPE policy improves rural women's educational attainment by 0.42 years and an additional year of female education decreases women's number of children ever born and the number of living children by 0.39 and 0.34, respectively. An analysis of potential mechanisms suggests that the decreased fertility rates are likely driven by the reduction in women's fertility preferences, the postponement of marriage, and the delay of motherhood. Contrarily, the study finds no evidence that increased female education affects women's labor force participation and the use of modern contraception.</p>","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"113 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140146770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The within-country distribution of brain drain and brain gain effects: A case study on Senegal 人才外流和人才回流效应的国内分布：塞内加尔案例研究
IF 1.3 4区 经济学
Journal of Demographic Economics Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1017/dem.2023.27
Philippe Bocquier, Narcisse Cha'ngom, Frédéric Docquier, Joël Machado
{"title":"The within-country distribution of brain drain and brain gain effects: A case study on Senegal","authors":"Philippe Bocquier, Narcisse Cha'ngom, Frédéric Docquier, Joël Machado","doi":"10.1017/dem.2023.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/dem.2023.27","url":null,"abstract":"Existing empirical literature provides converging evidence that selective emigration enhances human capital accumulation in the world's poorest countries. However, the within-country distribution of such <jats:italic>brain gain</jats:italic> effects has received limited attention. Focusing on Senegal, we provide evidence that the <jats:italic>brain gain</jats:italic> mechanism primarily benefits the wealthiest regions that are internationally connected and have better access to education. Conversely, human capital responses are negligible in regions lacking international connectivity, and even negative in better connected regions with inadequate educational opportunities. These results extend to internal migration, implying that highly vulnerable populations are trapped in the least developed areas.","PeriodicalId":43286,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Demographic Economics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139768908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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