Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal最新文献

{"title":"“A Greek land of promise” as a bone of contention: modern Greece in the early years of The Illustrated London News, 1843–1850","authors":"Konstantina Georganta","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2196888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2196888","url":null,"abstract":"The Illustrated London News (ILN) was the first newspaper to integrate image and text in reporting the news. Illustrated journalism occupied significant space in the newspaper, promoting the brave new world of the image and urging readers to visualize the story being told. As Anne Hultzsch (2017, 9) notes in her discussion of the architectural image in the early ILN, “by relieving readers of the task of visualising text in their minds, the illustrated press externalised and stabilised vision, while at the same time introducing a new mode of kinetic experience through the combination of word and image.” A significant innovation at an opportune moment, only a year after the appearance and success of Punch, the popular illustrated comic weekly, the ILN offered sixteen pages featuring thirty-two woodcuts, large and small, accompanying forty-eight columns of news (see Leary 2011). For sixpence, every Saturday it presented, in a regular format, the events of the preceding week. Considering that the ILN sold over 100,000 weekly copies by the 1850s, attracting a mainly middleto upper-class readership, these narratives reached a wide audience who were slowly becoming educated in what we might think of as the lures of the visual (Ellegård 1971, 22; see also Baillet 2017 on the visual representations of the labouring and lower classes in the mid-Victorian illustrated press). As Gerry Beegan (2008, 55) has suggested, wood engraving, the ILN’s reproductive method, asserted the newspaper’s middle-class character and “became the means through which middle-class magazine readers expected to see their world depicted”: “The drawn image was not simply a depiction but an explanation, its purpose to clarify and make sense of the incident it portrayed.” An exploration of these images and their accompanying texts more than a century-and-a-half later, when visual journalism has become a vital part of mass media and the arts, is an exploration of the history of the visual in the media, and how it came to call attention to specific aspects of reality. On 19 June 1847, the ILN published a letter sent to the editor by an indignant “traveller in the Levant, and a friend of Greece” on the “atrocities” perpetrated around what came to be known as the Don Pacifico Affair, which led to the blockade of the main Athenian port of Piraeus by British forces in the early 1850s. The letter was published under the title “Brigandage in Athens” and was paired with a small illustration depicting the house of Don Pacifico “after the sacking” (Figure 1). The small drawing, showing an external view of a three-storey house with the","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"181 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42666506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dialects and national identity in Collodi’s books for primary school","authors":"Andrea Pagani","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2195352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2195352","url":null,"abstract":"Scholars such as Benedict Anderson, Eric Hobsbawm, and Hugh Seton-Watson have examined how nation and nationhood are significantly intertwined with language, a relationship which has been prominent in the scholarship on the construction of nationhood and national communities for the last thirty years. The significance of Italian dialects to Italian national identity has been examined by historians such as Porciani (1997; 2012), Foot (2003), Brucker (2005), and Patriarca (2010), who analyze the importance of local and regional identities in Italian nationbuilding since the Middle Ages. Nationhood and language were co-constitutive in latenineteenth-century Italian society: the Italian governments made substantial efforts to institute a united, homogeneous, and unilingual community after unification, and to situate language within a discourse of national character. Regional identities also impacted on Italian national communities. This article focuses on how the schoolbooks of Carlo Lorenzini, widely known as Collodi (1826–1890), responded to the promotion, by the post-unification Italian governments, of a standardized national Italian language to a heterogeneous population accustomed to communicating using various dialects, which were thought of as being an inferior mode of expression by nationalist ideologues. Beyond Le avventure di Pinocchio, the first episode of which was published in 1883 in the magazine Il giornale per i bambini, Collodi wrote many schoolbooks, mostly centered around the young middleclass child Giannettino and his path towards a conservative education led by his mentor Dottor Boccadoro. The first text, Giannettino, published in 1877, was named after Parravicini’s Giannetto, the most popular schoolbook at the time. Giannettino was followed by La grammatica di Giannettino (1883), L’abbaco di Giannettino (1885), La geografia di Giannettino (1886b), and Il viaggio per l’Italia di Giannettino (1880, 1883, 1886a), a volume made up of three books dedicated to tales of Giannettino’s travels throughout Italy’s north, center, and south. La lanterna magica di Giannettino, in 1890, concluded the collection. I examine Collodi’s approach to language and implied stance on local dialects in his schoolbooks, and how they contributed to a discourse of Italian national character. I","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"95 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42167284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Gothic’s taxonomic gap: failures of classification in Richard Marsh’s The Beetle","authors":"L. McReynolds","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2195353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2195353","url":null,"abstract":"‘That,’ said Sydney in my ear, ‘is the voice and that is the manner of a hypnotised man, but, on the other hand, a person under influence generally responds only to the hypnotist, – which is another feature about our peculiar friend which arouses my suspicions.... [to Holt] Do you think that this is a performance in a booth, and that I am to be taken in by all the humbug of the professional mesmerist?’ (Marsh 2004, 224–225)","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"113 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43545833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Queer economic dissonance and Victorian literature","authors":"G. Robb","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2195526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2195526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"201 - 202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48460357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Michael Field: Decadent Moderns","authors":"Sharon A. Bickle","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2195599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2195599","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"210 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43739431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“We have received expresses from the Celestial Empire”: breaking news from China in nineteenth-century Punch","authors":"J. Sample","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2198161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2198161","url":null,"abstract":"On 22 August 1841, The Sunday Times called out The Times for calling out The Morning Chronicle for publishing fake news. The Sunday Times noted that The Times had not only also published the same news that The Morning Chronicle had published, but that The Times did so in two different sections of the same paper, once in a “City-article,” where the news was identified “as ‘a hoax’ and, as such, ‘believed everywhere’” and again in a section with news from Paris where it was “the prominent feature” and reported “as if it were gospel” (“The Times and the Herald,” 1841). The news was about an imperial edict issued by the Emperor of China banning the export of tea and rhubarb. The news was published in The Times a day after The Spectator had been careful to question “the authenticity of the intelligence” (“Postscript,” 1841), and, in fact, The Times had also speculated that the story may have been planted “for the sake of immediate return” in the Parisian press by “Mincing-lane,” which was the center of the tea and spice trade, a suggestion that led The Sunday Times to quip that The Times was “skilled in the mystery of concocting news for special purposes” (“The Times and the Herald,” 1841). The Sunday Times, notably, also pointed out that The Times had first reported the ban on 3 August 1841 and was, therefore, a potential source for the original story published in The Morning Chronicle. On 28 August 1841, one week after The Sunday Times called out The Times, Punch, or The London Charivari also reported on “the last order of the government, prohibiting the exportation of tea and rhubarb” in “Important News from China. Arrival of the Overland Mail!” (74), the firstever article about China to appear in the periodical (74). Unlike The Times, The Sunday Times, The Morning Chronicle, and The Spectator, Punch sourced the news about the export ban to “expresses” that came directly “from the Celestial Empire” by way of Punch’s “own private electro-galvanic communication” (74). Punch further asserted that this “rapid means of transmission” carried “dispatches so fast that” the writers for Punch “generally get them before they are written” (74). Reports about the export ban appeared in newspapers throughout August of 1841 and provided Punch with the perfect opportunity to play the foil. Not only did the news involve an empire with which the British Empire was at war, but the story also displayed an absurdist wit that aroused uncertainties associated with the presence of China in the lives of the British: what was British culture in the nineteenth century without things","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"165 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48738478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Material ambitions: self-help and Victorian literature","authors":"Leeann Hunter","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2163764","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2163764","url":null,"abstract":"sexological thinking. And she too is keen to resist the elision of empire, in part to illustrate that heteronormality is the effect of imperial formations, in part to re-orient the direction of current academic practices. Here she is unequivocal: “I argue that the ongoing dominance of the category of sexuality in mainstream queer approaches, to the neglect of race and empire, is an inheritance of this deliberate separation of sexuality from the racial-imperial conditions of its production” (92). If Patil’s (anti)imperial sociology of sex and gender is aimed at challenging the presumptive whiteness of contemporary critical methodologies, it is also intended as a thoroughgoing critique of the northern hemispheric presumptions of those practices. From the start of the book, she takes up the centrality of global south perspectives to any truly disruptive approach – which raises interesting questions about the role of a vertical-axis view in the context of a horizontal, “webbed connectivities” study. The two are not mutually exclusive, of course, but the book doesn’t address the interesting collisions and convergences that result from acknowledging both the significance of cross-hatched spaces and the enduring machinery of north-south grids and metropole-colony configurations. That said, she saves her real firepower for the last chapter, “The Reordering of Empire and the American Invention of Gender,” which brings us effectively back to Lugones’ coloniality-of-gender paradigm. Here Patil offers a bracing account of how crucial US settler colonial contexts are for understanding how sociological thinkers and the discipline as a whole took up gender, and how gender, with its implicit bias toward anglophone usages and meanings, became enshrined in – and as – a global, universal category. The implication is that gender, as a category of analysis, is itself a carrier of the coloniality of power. This is also not a new claim, though some of the most celebrated gender theorists in the west (Joan Scott, Judith Butler) have recognized it belatedly in terms of their own scholarly production. That is to say, they proceeded for decades to deploy their conceptual frameworks without taking the imperial sociology Patil has materialized into consideration. Given the global impact of their work, Patil is right to call out this hemispheric bias and to make visible the continuous influence of such thinking from the pre-Enlightenment period down to the present, and to remind us what the dangers are of disappearing empire and its highly racial and racializing histories in our practices. While it is sobering to acknowledge such reminders are needed, this book makes clear what the stakes are if we do not continue to foreground the ideological and material work of imperialism, past and present.","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"82 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44882452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Necropolis: disease, power, and capitalism in the Cotton Kingdom","authors":"S. Naramore","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2163773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2163773","url":null,"abstract":"space, including the space of the novel, the nation, and the land. Fiction offers a useful space for considering how individuals act in concert with one another, rather than in competition. Richardson notes that Martineau’s characters “are bound to others through systems of both dependency and complicity, figured in their embodiment, their economic activity, and their physical environment” (92). Whereas Smiles relied on imagined communities to create a notion of Nation in his self-help examples, Martineau used fiction to situate her characters in interdependent relationships to illustrate community. Richardson considers that Anthony Trollope treats his characters as individuals also vying for space in the novel. Through her close reading of Trollope’s use of comparisons in the novel, Richardson argues that Trollope “suggest[s] individualism’s limits and dependencies” (175). Characters work both in competition and comparison to one another, rejecting the idea that there be a “clear winner and loser” (157). Turning to the limits of the land, Richardson notes that Martineau pays greater attention to the environment and ecology than Smiles, and that she “represented the scope as well as the limits of individual agency and ambition, whether at the scale of one’s own body or of a wider, global system” (65). Miles Franklin takes this consideration of the environment further in the colonial contexts of her novels, with particular attention to how the natural environment is portrayed as a way to draw attention to issues of nationalism and colonialism in relationship to ambition. Franklin’s novels focus on the New Woman narrative of the fictional heroine Sybylla, who is a writer experiencing “an Australia hampered by gender and class norms and stricken by drought, which kills off the imported livestock and crops along with the settlers’ aspirations” (178). Richardson interprets the drought as an opportunity that enables Sybylla to write. Richardson thus reads the Australian environment in the novel as serving parallel narratives of race, empire, and gender. The chapter on Miles Franklin, more than any other, provides key cultural perspectives and historical contexts to ground the analysis. Overall, Richardson’s study of self-help challenges typical notions of laissez-faire capitalism with wider critiques about disability, gender, and colonialism that make this a valuable contribution to Victorian studies in self-help.","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"84 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45016535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Late fragments: flares, my heart laid bare, prose poems, Belgium disrobed","authors":"Nathaniel Rudavsky-Brody","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2163779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2163779","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"88 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44612006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The idea of music: Oscar Wilde and the metaphysics of sound","authors":"Kimberly J. Stern","doi":"10.1080/08905495.2023.2161782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08905495.2023.2161782","url":null,"abstract":"Oscar Wilde’s friends and associates generally agreed: the famed aesthete knew practically nothing about music. A schoolfellow recalled that as a boy Wilde was a fast and voracious reader but “poor at music” (Harris 2007, 22). WhereasWilde’s brother was a gifted pianist who composed his own “improved” endings to Friedrich Chopin’s preludes, even devoted friend and literary executor Robert Ross declared that Wilde “never knew anything really of music” (Ellmann 1984, 127; as quoted in Harris 2007, 158). Bernard Shaw suggested that his performance of musical knowledge was so inadequate as to earn him “a reputation for shallowness and insincerity which he never retrieved until it was too late” (Shaw 1979, 404). Indeed, on one occasion Wilde reportedly became irate when a friend repeatedly invoked the phrase “a splendid scarlet thing by Dvorák,” misquoting a line from Wilde’s “The Critic as Artist.” According to Robert Sherard, Wilde suspected “his friends knew that his attempt to write about Dvorak or any other composer was a mere pretence, and that he cleverly veiled his ignorance by the use of sonorous and effective phrases” (Sherard 1906, 121–122). Contemporary scholars too have suggested that Wilde saw music largely as a cultural signifier, albeit one that he deployed with care and purpose. Some, like Joe Law (2004) and Oliver Lovesey (2020), have refined Sherard’s depiction of Wilde as poseur by treating his musical references as evocations of cultural and sexual identity. Others propose that Wilde valued music chiefly in relation to the art form with which he was most comfortable: the written word. In this spirit, Tanya Touwen remarks: “Wilde was not in the least musical,” though Salome “is almost incantatory, with a repetitive lyricism that is indeed not unlike a ballad” (1995, 22). David Wayne Thomas takes this idea further, demonstrating that Wilde aspired to a kind of “verbal musicality,” drawing upon his “highly unprofessional relation to music” to accentuate the aural effects of language (2000, 19). In short, even where music does emerge in Wilde’s work, scholars have suggested that it is not treated with the formal rigor that typifies his discussions of the literary and visual arts. Though Wilde’s language at times seems almost musical – and","PeriodicalId":43278,"journal":{"name":"Nineteenth-Century Contexts-An Interdisciplinary Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"49 - 64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59415331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}