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The Joker in Iraq’s Tishreen [October] Protests 伊拉克十月抗议活动中的小丑
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-12-15 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-tat00001
Balsam Mustafa
{"title":"The Joker in Iraq’s Tishreen [October] Protests","authors":"Balsam Mustafa","doi":"10.1163/18739865-tat00001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-tat00001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores how the cultural symbol of the Joker, from the 2019 American movie Joker, first unfolded during the 2019 Iraqi Tishreen [October] Revolution as radical-gradual creative imagery both shocking and contested among Iraqi activists. Considering the visuals as modes, I argue that they first emerged as antenarrative, open to multiple interpretations. The antenarrative quickly transformed into a derogatory label perpetuating a dehumanizing anti-protest narrative by dominant powers and their militias. ‘Axis of Resistance’ media channels in Iraq and Iran have transformed the Joker label into a weapon, framing the protest movement as a narrative of grand conspiracy with the West and consequently justifying the violent crackdown by security forces. Iraqi activists then reclaimed the label in an attempt to defy that narrative. The linguistic reclamation could not erase the parties’ narrative. Instead, the two narratives have continued to compete, triggering another set of polarized labels.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44010234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Al-nuzuh: Displacement as Keyword Al-nuzuh:位移作为关键词
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504013
Anne-Marie McManus
{"title":"Al-nuzuh: Displacement as Keyword","authors":"Anne-Marie McManus","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504013","url":null,"abstract":"In 2022, more than half of Syria’s population have been displaced as they escaped from the destruction of their homes and livelihoods, forced resettlement, terror and overall defeat. This article focuses on the keyword <jats:italic>al-nuzuh</jats:italic> (displacement). It explores how <jats:italic>al-nuzuh</jats:italic> generates new representational codes for Syrian and Syrian-Palestinian experiences concerning the politics of displacement and an accumulated sense of loss. These codes encompass the material hardships of displacement but also make visible Syrians’ and Syrian-Palestinians’ affective, social, and existential experiences of precarity and abandonment. In this sense, my explanation of <jats:italic>al-nuzuh</jats:italic> departs from humanitarian and conflict management discourses to center on the perspectives of those who feel defeated in Syria and its diaspora. The article explores cultural production by Syrians and Syrian-Palestinians and how they relate to new forms of memory and collectivity about uprooting and defeat. These forms reject existing rhetorical modes of depicting mass displacement to re-write the connections between the contemporary destruction of social worlds in Syria and earlier in the former and Palestine since 1948.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":"45 45","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tashbih: The Logic of Annihilation of the Other 塔西比:他者湮灭的逻辑
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504002
Yazan Badran
{"title":"Tashbih: The Logic of Annihilation of the Other","authors":"Yazan Badran","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504002","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:italic>Tashbih</jats:italic>, in Syrian vernacular, has long referred to a diverse constellation of practices and acts—invariably illegal and often articulated with violence or the threat of violence—perpetrated by individuals and groups, the <jats:italic>Shabbiha</jats:italic>, with deep (often kin-based) ties to the Baathist regime of President Hafez al-Assad and later his son, Bashar al-Assad. The ebb and flow of the role played by the <jats:italic>Shabbiha</jats:italic> since then and the meaning of <jats:italic>Tashbih</jats:italic> in Syria’s political culture has followed closely the fortunes of their patron, the Assad regime. This article will sketch the origins of the term, its underlying practices and antagonisms, and trace the fluctuation and diffusion of its meaning and application particularly following the 2011 uprising in Syria.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Shame to Pride 从羞耻到骄傲
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504003
Haian Dukhan
{"title":"From Shame to Pride","authors":"Haian Dukhan","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504003","url":null,"abstract":"This article is about the word Shawaya. Before the Syrian uprising, many Syrians used the term Shawaya in a derogatory manner when referring to a class of people perceived as backward, uneducated and vulgar. However, during the course of the Syrian uprising and subsequent civil war, self-identification as a Shawi (the singular of Shawaya) became more prevalent among people belonging to this group of Syrian society. The Syrian uprising created a space for Shawaya to express their identity openly. As the Syrian uprising turned into a protracted conflict, the Shawi identity transformed into a political one as it became associated with the rural-urban divide characterizing the conflict. This article aims to explore the social and political implications of the word Shawaya in contemporary Syrian political culture by exploring the term and attempting to show how members of this group today express their Shawi identity both politically and socially.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":"46 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Political Potential of Ya Hef in Contemporary Syrian Politics 亚海夫在当代叙利亚政治中的政治潜力
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504012
Kurstin Gatt
{"title":"The Political Potential of Ya Hef in Contemporary Syrian Politics","authors":"Kurstin Gatt","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504012","url":null,"abstract":"Slogans and songs are fundamental components of the revolutionary experience. In its linguistic and musical form, the phrase <jats:italic>ya hef</jats:italic> (‘what a shame’) became a slogan of the 2011 Syrian revolution and served as a force for instigating a socio-political change in contemporary Syria. This paper investigates <jats:italic>ya hef</jats:italic> and its political potential in contemporary Syrian politics from a discourse-analytical perspective. After borrowing theories from cultural studies, discourse analysis and political studies, the article analyses the strong revolutionary connotations of the slogan and song within the discursive repertoire of massacre politics, focusing on both the general and specific functions. Through a close analysis of the song’s text, the study maps out three main arguments associated with the expression: 1) <jats:italic>ya hef</jats:italic> as a moral protest against state-sanctioned injustice and oppression; 2) <jats:italic>ya hef</jats:italic> as a response to the sentiment of brotherly betrayal among Syrians; and 3) <jats:italic>ya hef</jats:italic> as a cathartic mechanism for national reconciliation and nation-building. This article concludes that the expression <jats:italic>ya hef</jats:italic> is not only politically engaged in taking a stand against al-Assad’s brutality; it also fulfils a dialogical function between the oppressor and the oppressed, the ruler and the ruled and al-Assad and the Syrian citizens. This research adds to a growing body of literature on the uses and functions of language in revolutions in general and the Arab Spring protests in particular.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":"46 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Characterizing the Engagement of Syrian Women in the Revolution 叙利亚妇女参与革命的特征
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504010
Emma Aubin-Boltanski, Oussama Khalbous
{"title":"Characterizing the Engagement of Syrian Women in the Revolution","authors":"Emma Aubin-Boltanski, Oussama Khalbous","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504010","url":null,"abstract":"The Syrian 2011 revolution was a moment of unprecedented expression and graphic conquest of the public space. Written and chanted words, sometimes shouted and sang during the demonstrations, have somehow crystallized hopes, disillusionment and indignation of the Syrian people. <jats:italic>Harâ’ir</jats:italic> ‮<jats:styled-content xml:lang=\"ar-Arab\">حرائر</jats:styled-content>‬‎ (Free Women) is one of them. When it appeared on the revolutionary scene, it quickly raised a fierce debate within opposition groups. If some protesters considered the word to be “poetic” and neutral, others believed that its use was a sign of an Islamist derivation discriminatory against women. <jats:italic>Harâ’ir</jats:italic> is used in various manners, linked to the context of enunciation and also to the political stance of the individuals using or even, at times, brandishing it as a slogan. The aim of this article is to highlight several usages situated in Syria since 2011 and to analyze the term’s semantic and emotional resonance.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":"70 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The ‘Un-revolutionary’ Figure “不革命”的人物
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504008
Razan Ghazzawi
{"title":"The ‘Un-revolutionary’ Figure","authors":"Razan Ghazzawi","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504008","url":null,"abstract":"Since protest movements had swept the Middle East and North Africa regions in early 2011, new politics have emerged, creating unimagined spaces, ways of existence and knowing the world, and more importantly, new subcultures of othering. This article critically examines revolutionary subcultures of non-comradeship, figurations of ‘non-authentic revolutionaries’ and ways of revolutionary othering by focusing on the term ‘<jats:italic>Ramadyeen</jats:italic>’ as a reference coined by Syrian revolutionaries to describe individuals whose politics are ‘not revolutionary enough’. Written from the positionality of a scholar-activist who participated in the protest movement, this text employs anti-sectarian feminist politics to reflect on how ‘<jats:italic>Ramadyeen</jats:italic>’ was mobilized to erase and decrease voices of nuances and criticism of dominant revolutionary demands, specifically around humanitarian intervention, militarization and sanctions against Syria. Therefore, this article locates ‘<jats:italic>Ramadayeen</jats:italic>’ as a keyword of counter-cultures targeting ‘un-revolutionary’ people and political positions.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138532764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Jawlān
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-09 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504005
Aamer Ibraheem, Adrien Zakar
{"title":"Jawlān","authors":"Aamer Ibraheem, Adrien Zakar","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504005","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we focus on the keyword Jawlān to highlight one of the most critical, if overlooked, dimensions of autocracy in modern Syria. Occupied by Israel in 1967, the Jawlān is a borderland where words have made political relationships possible, sustaining forms of national and kin attachments for decades. We show how, within post-1967 Syria, the Jawlān came to function as a discursive vessel for the state to address its citizenry outside the boundaries of the Golan Heights. When the 2011 moment began, ways of communicating with the state were enacted to both buttress the autocracy and solidify the resistance movement opposing it. We offer an analysis demonstrating how these various ways of hailing had grown out of autocracy but came to frame communications among citizens and structure civic relations beyond the workings of the regime and the geographical scope of its sovereignty. Drawing on the dynamics in play at this moment, we contribute to current discussions on neoliberal autocracy and borderland ontologies, approaching ideological interpellation as a mode of enfolding diasporic Syria spaces and communities outside regime-controlled areas into its political order.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":"32 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Romancing the Nation 浪漫的民族
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504007
Rahaf Aldoughli
{"title":"Romancing the Nation","authors":"Rahaf Aldoughli","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Spanning the era of the two Assads (father and son) up to 2007 (the referendum year confirming Bashar al-Assad’s continuation as president) and songs produced during the war, this study will explore the role of ‘love’ (hub) and its relation to ‘blood’ (dam) in the continuity and persistence of heroism in the national narrative. As a form of politics, love and blood have served the Baathist state in obtaining and using power and domination. This article investigates the various ways love as a political tool has been instrumentalized to legitimize the regime and construct national ties and unity. As such, this study interrogates the connection between the sacralization of the nation and the construction of love as a political and cultural tool to subject loyalty and subordination in political culture. Understanding discursive appropriations of love in this way offers a fresh perspective into the meaning—and most importantly, the politics—of love in modern Syria and its relation to Baathism, the Syrian uprising, and popular culture. In this context, the use of the term ‘love’ (hub) by the opposition has become a confirmatory tool of the regime’s illegitimacy. While ‘love’ as a political tool has been instrumentalized by the Syrian Baath regime to consolidate authority, the citizenry now faces many challenges. One of these is not only reversing this imposed ‘love’ with hate or anger towards the regime, but more importantly, rationalizing nationhood and national membership by focusing on establishing civic engagement and representation.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44311985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
‘Rojava’: Evolving Public Discourse of Kurdish Identity and Governance in Syria “罗贾瓦”:叙利亚库尔德身份和治理的演变公共话语
IF 0.2
Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication Pub Date : 2022-11-08 DOI: 10.1163/18739865-01504009
Thomas McGee
{"title":"‘Rojava’: Evolving Public Discourse of Kurdish Identity and Governance in Syria","authors":"Thomas McGee","doi":"10.1163/18739865-01504009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/18739865-01504009","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Syrian conflict has contributed to major debates in culture, media and politics around transitions linked to borders, ethnicity and identity. Against this backdrop, this article explores the use of ‘Rojava’, a keyword referring to Kurdish-majority areas in the country. It examines the term’s changing meanings and usage against the evolving backdrop of the governance project led by Kurds since the post-2011 power vacuum in North(eastern) Syria. The article identifies how the term has been both operationalized and later abandoned and replaced by other nomenclature while highlighting the implications of these changes on public and political discourse. The term ‘Rojava’ traces its origins to the context of (pan-)Kurdish nationalism, with its literal meaning of ‘western’ (Kurdistan) implying a notion of trans-border Kurdish identity. From this point of departure, the author considers how it has been popularized in anarchist and Western solidarity circles as well as through international media in expressions such as the ‘Rojava experiment’ and ‘Rojava Revolution’. The article unpacks how it has become shorthand in Western media for an ideology of women’s liberation and leftist grassroots governance, as well as considering the term’s less favorable reception in the Arab press, where the word ‘Rojava’ itself is treated as a foreign, and sometimes threatening, concept. Finally, the article presents how from 2016 the Kurdish-led authorities in this region of Syria sought to formally distance themselves from the term they had introduced. This change was due to realpolitik imperatives to re-brand their governance project under the ‘Syrian Democratic’ banner when incorporating non-Kurdish-majority territories (Raqqa, Deir ez-Zor and Menbij). In the context of its official abandonment, the term has nonetheless retained currency in the media as well as popular everyday contexts among Kurds on street level.","PeriodicalId":43171,"journal":{"name":"Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44513994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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