INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference最新文献

{"title":"Designing to meet GR-3150 — avoiding the pitfalls of lithium-ion battery development","authors":"J. McDowall, M. Belle","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664070","url":null,"abstract":"Many telecom operators are attracted by the prospect of deploying energy-dense lithium-ion batteries but at the same time are aware of the large-scale recalls of laptop computer batteries and reports of problems with lithium metal polymer batteries in telecom outside plant applications. The publicity associated with such incidents is inevitably highly negative for both the battery manufacturer and the operator.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134059263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale modeling of critical telecommunications facilities and data centers","authors":"F. Bodi","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664052","url":null,"abstract":"The management of power and air-conditioning infrastructure in large, complex facilities presents many challenges. These range from advanced strategic planning to the daily task of keeping an installation stable. As an installation grows in size and complexity, the sheer number of installation, maintenance and operational activities add risk to the installation as a whole. The lack of a means to monitor overall infrastructure coherence can lead to serious deficiencies in reliability or system capacity. Silcar has pioneered a method to model entire facilities permitting comprehensive virtual stress- testing. This provides a unique and hitherto unavailable global view of the overall state of an installation. Modeling can faithfully represent many important areas of an installation showing actual loading of critical AC and DC subsystems. A model can predict potential areas of risk arising from changes in electrical load, power factor and thermal load. The model can be used to carry out what-if analysis showing the effect on different parts of the installation. The same model can also be used to estimate the reliability of the installation using statistical Monte Carlo simulation. Telecommunications installations with generators undergo regular testing of the generator system to maintain high reliability. This testing is important but can provide a false sense of security since there are many sub-systems in a complex installation that are not operated and proven during such tests. A faithful model of the installation can be used to subject untested subsystems to further scrutiny. A model of an actual telecommunications installation is presented showing the problems that were detected from putting the model through a virtual stress-test. Some issues were already known and the model served to confirm these. The paper will discuss how the model was validated and processes needed to keep it up to date. The model consists of more than 3,000 components representing the DC, UPS and air- conditioning systems, AC & DC distribution elements of the facility. Following the initial success of the pilot model in locating weaknesses, the technique is now being rolled out to 68 mission critical facilities across Australia.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116073397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of electric power architectures to improve availability and efficiency of air conditioning systems","authors":"A. Kwasinski","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664046","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes different power supply architectures with the objective of mitigating efficiency and availability deficiencies in air conditioning systems for telecom and IT applications. The paper emphasizes the importance of running air conditioners with variable speed drives and discusses why DC power architectures seem to be more adequate than those with AC power. The analysis shows that well-configured microgrid-based power plants may improve both availability and energy efficiency without compromising cost. Microgrid-based design without combined heat and power (CHP) technologies might be a good compromise solution because although they may not be as good as configurations with CHP in terms of energy efficiency and cost, they could be implemented with more modular designs and they may achieve higher availability.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124091487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Storage impact in VRLA batteries life","authors":"A. P. Soares, M. Rosolem, L. Soares, G. R. dos Santos, P. T. Frare, R. F. Beck, V. Arioli","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664019","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes a study made in order to verify the real impact of storage in life expectancy of VRLA batteries. For this study 85 cells (2V, VRLA) from 5 different manufactures were acquired in Brazilian market. The batteries acquired were three AGM and two GEL types. These cells were subdivided in nine sets of samples that were submitted to different storage conditions. In the study were evaluated the influences of the storage time without recharging (quarterly, half-year and one-year basis), storage environment temperature (25degC, 35degC and without temperature control), as well as the application of equalization recharges. This paper will present the results of this research with a focus in the remaining and recovered capacities behavior for various condition tests.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129643335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fuel cells enabling renewable off-grid solutions","authors":"T. Esser","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664029","url":null,"abstract":"P21 Renewable site solutions are the alternative to 24/7 Diesel generators for remote, off-grid situations - enabling rollout independent from growth of electrical network infrastructure and securing the required availability in combination with renewable energy sources. The hybridization of a fuel cell with the renewable energy sources ensures the required availability. In purely renewable powered base stations, this can only be achieved by over-sizing wind turbines, photovoltaic (PV) arrays, and batteries. As a consequence, the P21 renewable site offers higher availability and reduced capital expenditure compared with traditional renewable powered base stations. In comparison with Diesel generator powered sites, it significantly reduces network operational cost and makes them more predictable and less dependent on fuel price development for base station lifetime.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126448589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delta modulated cyclo-inverter","authors":"A. Agrawal, V. Agarwal","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664110","url":null,"abstract":"Delta modulation (DM) is simple and has characteristics advantageous to the operation of cyclo-inverter. Analysis and implementation of delta modulated switching is presented in this paper both for cyclo-inverter as well as for cyclo-converter. Simulation results are shown for single-phase to single-phase centre tapped transformer configuration using SIMULINK software. This confirms a validity of the delta modulation technique for step up as well as step down operation. It has been found that total harmonic distortion (THD) is low for modulation index lying from 0.75 to 1.5. Any further increase or decrease in modulation index increases the harmonics in the converter. The output improves with increasing sampling frequency above 2 KHz where THD has been found to be as low as 4% for cyclo-inverter and 2% for cycloconverter.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123029420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Worth of a watt: The new economics and technologies","authors":"M. E. Jacobs","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664016","url":null,"abstract":"In a study presented at INTELEC in 1978 and updated in 1981 , the capital-equivalent cost of continuously dissipating a watt in a Bell System central office was examined. It was estimated that the worth of an ac watt in 1977 was $7.22, and in 1979, with revised assumptions, was $11.31. Thirty years have passed since these studies. This paper examines the economic and technology changes that have developed since that time, and presents a revised estimate of the worth of a watt as it is processed through a typical central office power-processing chain. The technology of the loads in a central office is also reviewed to provide a sense of the changing level of dissipation that has occurred and that can be expected.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132645685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Telecommunication power systems: Energy saving, renewable sources and environmental monitoring","authors":"C. Lubritto, A. Petraglia, C. Vetromile, F. Caterina, A. D'Onofrio, M. Logorelli, G. Marsico, S. Curcuruto","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664079","url":null,"abstract":"Aim of the paper is to study the energetic consumptions for a radio-telecommunication apparatus starting from on-site measurements provided by the Italian companies of mobile communications systems (Vodafone, H3G, Telecom and Wind), which take into account different technologies (GSM, UMTS, DCS+GSM+UMTS), different typologies of apparatuses (outdoor, room, shelter), different locations (North, Center, South of Italy) and different working loads. The results presented are from the research project \"Telecommunication power systems: energy saving, renewable sources and environmental monitoring\", between the Department of Environmental Sciences of the Second University of Naples (DSA-SUN) and the National Agency for the Environment Protection (APAT) with the participation of providers of mobile communications and technological partners. According to the APAT database (year 2007), in Italy there are more than 60.000 radio base stations. We show that they have a huge energetic consumptions: more than 2 TWh per year, that represents 0,7% of the Italian electricity consumption. Furthermore, we have shown that the energetic consumption connected to the transmission functions to one related to air-conditioning functions represents 2/3 are 1/3 of total energy consumption, respectively. Finally, we show on site-application of renewable energy system to produce a part of the energy used by radio- telecommunication apparatus, realized in collaboration with Vodafone provider: for the first time in Italy a photovoltaic system has been planned and installed in two different Italian sites. For both sites the procedures to obtain economic incentives from Italian government (\"Conto Energia\") has been completed.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130857376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grounding system of an uninterruptible power system (UPS)","authors":"Xiyu Liu","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664100","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays an uninterruptible power system (UPS) has been widely used in China to protect various sensitive electrical equipments such as computers, workstations, telecommunications systems, internet data centers, process control systems, etc. The UPS protects them from problems associated with utility power of poor quality, or a complete loss of power. Furthermore, a UPS can also perform other functions such as improving the quality of the power to the critical load. A suitable grounding system should be installed properly for UPS system so that the UPS can function correctly. A grounding system allows circuit protection to clear a ground fault, and provides paths for diverting surge current away from the UPS and for removing undesirable current from the critical load. But in practical applications there used to be some problems which are caused by improper grounding of UPS. This is not a simple subject because grounding techniques depend on several factors such as the configuration of UPS and the type of load connected to the UPS. In addition, another factor to get the grounding system right is knowing whether to design for a separately derived system (SDS). Unfortunately there have been few papers that treat all aspect of UPS grounding system.In this paper the design principle of grounding system for UPS is introduced. The practical grounding systems of UPS used for telecom, DATACOM and computer, etc. are proposed.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131759455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fresh Air — Natural Asset ReFRESHed","authors":"P. Gillan","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.2008.4664057","url":null,"abstract":"At Intelec 2002 a paper entitled \"fresh air - natural asset\" [1] presented BT's economic cooling approach to telecommunication equipment cooling and the developments that were being considered to increase the range of cooling products and lower the operational cost of these products. This paper outlines BT's continued approach to economic cooling of its telecommunication network equipment detailing how fresh air cooling has evolved with changes in operational philosophy and equipment technology during this period and in particular since 2002 including product development, energy savings, standards and telecom equipment. This paper will outline the development work undertaken to provide new cooling products that has resulted in significant operational cost saving. This involved working closely with our corporate suppliers in selecting components and turning a high level control strategy that included initiative energy reduction requirements into a detailed controller software that now provides significant operational savings in energy and therefore lowering energy cost and ultimately reducing carbon emissions over previous control strategies which themselves were considered ahead of their time. Central to BT's approach has been its continued support and implementation of European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, in particular the environmental parameters in ETSI EN 300 019-1-3 [2]. In 2004 a revised ETSI EN 300 119 \"European telecommunication standard for equipment practice\" series was published that gave integrators a mechanism for obtaining data from manufacturers that allows them to model the equipped equipment racks and the environments they are positioned in using Computational Fluidflow Dynamics (CFD) techniques. This paper will highlight the changes to ETSI ETS 300 119 series and their impact on providing equipment environments. Concerns about the environment have increased significantly as the effects of global warming have become more evident. Within the telecommunications industry across the world groups of people / organisations are working towards energy conservation while dealing with the challenges of convergence of historically two industries, telecoms and computer. This paper discusses the problems operators have in sourcing products for data centres that meet the ETSI environmental standards and throws down the challenge to manufacturers to raise their game.","PeriodicalId":431368,"journal":{"name":"INTELEC 2008 - 2008 IEEE 30th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122880932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}