{"title":"A Model-Based Transformation Process to Validate and Implement High-Integrity Systems","authors":"G. Lasnier, L. Pautet, J. Hugues","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.18","url":null,"abstract":"Despite numerous advances, building High-Integrity Embedded systems remains a complex task. They come with strong requirements to ensure safety, schedulability or security properties, one needs to combine multiple analysis to validate each of them. Model-Based Engineering is an accepted solution to address such complexity: analytical models are derived from an abstraction of the system to be built. Yet, ensuring that all abstractions are semantically consistent, remains an issue, e.g. when performing model checking for assessing safety, and then for schedulability using timed automata, and then when generating code. Complexity stems from the high-level view of the model compared to the low-level mechanisms used. In this paper, we present our approach based on AADL and its behavioral annex to refine iteratively an architecture description. Both application and runtime components are transformed into basic AADL constructs which have a strict counterpart in classical programming languages or patterns for verification. We detail the benefits of this process to enhance analysis and code generation. This work has been integrated to the AADL-tool support OSATE2.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133310350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexander von Renteln, U. Brinkschulte, David Kramer, Wolfgang Karl, C. Schuck, J. Becker
{"title":"Digital On-demand Computing Organism - Interaction between Monitoring and Middleware","authors":"Alexander von Renteln, U. Brinkschulte, David Kramer, Wolfgang Karl, C. Schuck, J. Becker","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.31","url":null,"abstract":"Organic Computing is a vital and promising research area. Inspired by nature, organic computing research wants to learn and adopt from techniques and properties of nature. The goal is to acquire the so called self-X properties like self-organization and self-healing. The DodOrg project introduces such an organic computing system for real-time applications, a whole new computing system from the bottom to the top. In this paper, we present the interaction between organic middleware and monitoring. Our results showed very promising results and only a small overhead for monitoring and the artificial hormone system based middleware.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115280748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generating Valid Interface Definition Language from Succinct Models","authors":"H. Owens, James H. Hill","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.33","url":null,"abstract":"Source code generation from models (e.g., domain specific models) for distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems is intended to alleviate tedious, error-prone, and time consume tasks associated with manually hand-crafting the same code. When generating code from models for DRE system programming languages that accidentally support circular dependencies, e.g., the Interface Definition Language (IDL) and C++, it is necessary to resolve circular dependencies in order to generate valid and usable code. Moreover, it is important to do some automatically instead of requiring modelers to construct models that do not contain any circular dependencies, which is hard. This paper provides two contributions to research on source code generation from models for DRE systems. First, it presents A-Circle, an algorithm that automatically removes circular dependencies when generating source code from models for programming languages that inherently enable circular dependencies. Secondly, this paper quantitatively evaluates A-Circle when generating CORBA IDL files. The results show that A Circle algorithm is able to generate IDL files in linear-time.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124228712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Interface Definition Language Extensions (IDL3+) Using Domain-Specific Modeling Languages","authors":"James H. Hill","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.19","url":null,"abstract":"Model-driven engineering (MDE) of distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems built using distributed middleware technologies typically rely on interface definition language (IDL) to define interfaces and attributes of the system under development. Recent needs for using IDL to design and implement systems composed of heterogeneous communication architectures, however, has realized the limitations of IDL. To address these limitations, vendors have proposed several non-trivial extensions to IDL also known as IDL3+. In order to leverage such extensions in the modeling domain, it is necessary to update existing tools, e.g., domain-specific modeling languages) to support such extensions. This paper provides two contributions to MDE of DRE systems using domain-specific modeling languages (DSMLs). First, this paper highlights the technical challenges associated with modeling IDL3+. Secondly, this paper discusses how to overcome such challenges in the context of a representative DSML for modeling DRE systems designed and implemented using IDL3+. Experience gained from using DSMLs to model IDL3+ shows that DSML environments as is do not suffice and need improved application frameworks to support complex DSMLs, such as IDL3+.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128032495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Bünte, Michael Zolda, Michael Tautschnig, R. Kirner
{"title":"Improving the Confidence in Measurement-Based Timing Analysis","authors":"S. Bünte, Michael Zolda, Michael Tautschnig, R. Kirner","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.27","url":null,"abstract":"Measurement-based timing analysis (MBTA) is a hybrid approach that combines execution-time measurements with static program analysis techniques to obtain an estimate of the worst-case execution time (WCET) of a program. The most challenging part of MBTA is test data generation. Choosing an adequate set of test vectors determines safety and efficiency of the overall analysis. So far, there are no feasible criteria that determine how well the worst-case temporal behavior of program parts is covered by a given test-suite. In this paper we introduce a relative safety metric that compares test suites with respect to how well the observed worst-case behavior of program parts is exercised. Using this metric, we empirically show that common code coverage criteria from the domain of functional testing can produce unsafe WCET estimates in the context of MBTA for systems with a processor like the TriCore 1796. Further, we use the relative safety metric to examine coverage criteria that require all feasible pairs of, e.g., basic blocks to be exercised in combination. These are shown to be superior to code coverage criteria from the domain of functional testing, but there is still a chance that an unsafe WCET estimate is derived by MBTA in our experimental setup. Based on the outcomes of our evaluation we introduce and examine Balanced Path Generation, an input data generation technique that combines the advantages of all evaluated coverage criteria and random input data generation.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123018521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Generalized Model to Control the Throughput in a Processor for Real-Time Applications","authors":"D. Lohn, Mathias Pacher, U. Brinkschulte","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.20","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we present a control theory approach to stabilize the throughput of threads for real-time applications on a multithreaded processor. We use a statistical model of a super scalar, multi-threaded processor as transfer function to calculate the resulting IPC rate. Our control theory approach is not limited to a specific processor and can be adapted to different microprocessor architectures. We are able to guarantee a minimum IPC rate within a defined convergence interval. Furthermore our results provide a method to improve WCET analysis, because inaccuracies of the processor model are soften by the use of our control theory approach.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127030377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marco Paolieri, E. Quiñones, F. Cazorla, Julian Wolf, T. Ungerer, S. Uhrig, Z. Petrov
{"title":"A Software-Pipelined Approach to Multicore Execution of Timing Predictable Multi-threaded Hard Real-Time Tasks","authors":"Marco Paolieri, E. Quiñones, F. Cazorla, Julian Wolf, T. Ungerer, S. Uhrig, Z. Petrov","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.36","url":null,"abstract":"Multicore processors can deliver higher performance than single-core processors by exploiting thread level parallelism (TLP): applications are split into independent threads, each of which is mapped into a different core, reducing the execution time and potentially its worst-case execution time (WCET). Unfortunately, inter-thread interferences generated by simultaneous accesses to shared resources from different threads may completely destroy the performance benefits brought by TLP. This paper proposes a software/hardware cache partitioning approach that reduces the inter-thread memory interferences generated in hard real-time software-pipelined parallel applications. Our results show that our approach effectively reduces memory interferences, while still guaranteeing a predictable timing behaviour, achieving a WCET estimation reduction of 28% for a software pipelined version of the LU decomposition application with respect to the single-threaded version.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"8 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133764300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saoussen Anssi, S. Piergiovanni, Stefan Kuntz, S. Gérard, F. Terrier
{"title":"Enabling Scheduling Analysis for AUTOSAR Systems","authors":"Saoussen Anssi, S. Piergiovanni, Stefan Kuntz, S. Gérard, F. Terrier","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.28","url":null,"abstract":"AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture) is enjoying increasing interest and broad acceptance in the automotive domain. AUTOSAR aims at defining an open standardized software architecture to face future challenges in automotive development including the development of time-critical systems (e.g. brake-by-wire or steer-by-wire). Mastering the development of such systems requires being able to analyze their real-time behavior. Scheduling analysis is the theory that studies how far a real-time system may satisfy its real-time requirements against its real-time properties. In this paper, we will study to what extent it is possible to apply some of those scheduling analysis techniques on real-time systems deployed on AUTOSAR-compliant architectures. The paper focuses on scheduling analysis techniques implemented in one open source tool. A concrete case study shows the feasibility of the approach and shows scheduling analysis results.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125166370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Analysis of Primary-Shadow Replication Scheme for Fault-Tolerant Operational Flight Program of Small Scale UAV","authors":"Junyeong Kim, Doohyun Kim","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.30","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes to use a time-driven fault-tolerant mechanism motivated from Primary-Shadow TMO's Replication (PSTR)[7,8] scheme for embodying fault-tolerant capability in Operation Flight Program (OFP) of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAV). The advantage of the time-driven fault-tolerant mechanism is considered as quick detection and rectification of system failure within minimum period. For the feasibility test, a Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation (HILS) environment containing dynamics model of a small scaled unmanned helicopter has been developed and integrated with primary and shadow FCCs through RS-232 duplicators and switchers. Various failures and deadline violations in receiving data from sensors, calculating control logics and sending control data to actuators were simulated and tested within the HILS. This paper explains the time-driven fault-tolerant mechanism and experimental environments in details, and illustrated the results of various experiments to convince the practical applicability of the proposed mechanism.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132683812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Generative Middleware Specialization Process for Distributed Real-Time and Embedded Systems","authors":"Akshay Dabholkar, A. Gokhale","doi":"10.1109/ISORC.2011.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ISORC.2011.32","url":null,"abstract":"General-purpose middleware must often be specialized for resource-constrained, real-time and embedded systems to improve their response-times, reliability, memory footprint, and even power consumption. Software engineering techniques, such as aspect-oriented programming (AOP), feature-oriented programming (FOP), and reflection make the specialization task simpler, albeit still requiring the system developer to manually identify the system invariants, and sources of performance and memory footprint bottlenecks that determine the required specializations. Specialization reuse is also hampered due to a lack of common taxonomy to document the recurring specializations. This paper presents the GeMS (Generative Middleware Specialization) framework to address these challenges. We present results of applying GeMS to a Distributed Real-time and Embedded (DRE) system case study that depict a 21-35% reduction in footprint, and a ˜36% improvement in performance while simultaneously alleviating ˜97% of the developer efforts in specializing middleware.","PeriodicalId":431231,"journal":{"name":"2011 14th IEEE International Symposium on Object/Component/Service-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114236209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}