Tropical veterinarian最新文献

{"title":"Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus contamination in bovine milk from local dairy herd in Oyo State, Nigeria","authors":"I. O. Olatoye, U. Uba, S. Akintunde","doi":"10.4314/TV.V36I1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V36I1","url":null,"abstract":"Unhygienic practices, handling and transportation; pooling of milk from unscreened mastitic cows and indiscriminate prophylactic, therapeutic and growth promotion use of antibiotics in Nigerian cattle production could result in dissemination of resistant bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus and leading to food poisoning. This work aims to determine the prevalence of Methicllin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bovine milk from local herds. A total of 165 fresh bulk milk samples were collected from local herds at Ibarapa, Oyo and Oke-Ogun in Oyo State for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. Standard bacteriological methods were used to determine the bacterial load, isolate and characterize Staphylococcus aureus in fresh bovine bulk milk from dairy herds in Oyo State. Antibiotics sensitivity of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Bacteriological assay revealed high total mean bacterial counts ranging from 1.5+0.069 to 6.1+23.19 log cfu/ml, with the highest contamination in 13.9% of milk from Oke-Ogun, followed by 4.2% from Oyo and Ibarapa respectively. There was a prevalence of 31.5% coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus with 7.9% isolates indentified as MSRA. The isolates showed very high resistance to several antibiotics with the highest resistance to augmentin (88.5%) and the highest sensitivity to ofloxacin (96.1%). This study established the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in milk from local herds with a prevalence of 33.1%. This signified the high risk of mastitis in the dairy cows from the study area. The high prevalence of MRSA is of food safety concern and could have resulted from indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Enforcement of milk hygiene practices, constant screening and treatment of mastitic cow as well as effective milk pasteurization are hereby suggested to ensure food safety.Keywords: Animal, Antimicrobial agents, Bulk milk, Staphylococcus aureus","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114480849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal pH and carbondioxide level as indicator of vulnerability of fresh and marine aquatic systems to climate change in Nigeria","authors":"O. Adeyemo, S. Alarape, V. Adetunji, A. B. Saka, O. Ubiogoro","doi":"10.4314/TV.V35I2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V35I2","url":null,"abstract":"Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations over the past two centuries have led to greater CO2 uptake by the oceans; raising concern over the current and future effects it may have on world climates. Certain changes are already evident but the impact of these changes on marine and coastal living resources is only poorly understood at this stage, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed seasonal dissolved carbon dioxide and pH of fresh and marine aquatic systems in Nigeria. Dissolved CO2 was non-significantly (p=0.07) higher in freshwater during the wet season (20±7ppm) compared to dry season (15 ± 1ppm), while in the marine system, dissolved CO2 level was significantly (p=0.02) higher (42±6ppm) during the dry season compared to the rainy season (31±5ppm). Mean pH values was significantly higher (p=0.003 and 0.05) in freshwater (6.8±0.8 and 6.9±0.2ppm) relative to marine (6.2±0.2 and 6.5±0.3ppm) during wet and dry seasons, respectively. The pH values were generally at the borderline of the acidic limit of the recommended pH values for aquaculture (6.5-9) during the two seasons. Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations over the past two centuries have led to a greater CO2 uptake by the oceans, acidification and consequently, saturation, thereby affecting the ocean’s continued ability to store CO2. This study therefore provides preliminary information on seasonal changes in CO2 and pH of fresh and marine systems in Nigeria; and their potential impacts on global climate and aquatic ecosystems.Keywords: Acidification, Aquatic system, Carbon dioxide, Climate change, Fresh water, Marine water","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"204 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116180354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Case report: Dystocia due to Schistosomus reflexus (co-joined twins) in a West Africa Dwarf doe (female goat) in Ibadan, Nigeria","authors":"D. Oluwayelu, Adebowale Adebiyi, Abiola Jo, T. Akingbola, S. Cadmus","doi":"10.4314/tv.v35i3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/tv.v35i3","url":null,"abstract":"A three years old light brown West African dwarf doe, weighing about 32 kg was presented with history of dystocia of about 36 hours was presented to the University of Ibadan Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ibadan. The animal was restless. Close  observation showed a swollen vulva with protruding foetal head. There was abnormal slimy blood tinted discharges with foul odour in her vulva. Rectal temperature was 40 degree Celcius with relatively high respiratory rate. Dystocia was diagnosed. Using systematic and calculated tration and retropulsion, Schistosomus reflexus (co-joined twins) were subsequently delivered after about 20 minutes of intervention.   Post-manipulation care was given by intramuscular injection of procaine penicillin and streptomycin combination at a dose of 1ml per 10kg body weight for 4 days   consecutively; multivitamins injection was also given at 1ml per 10kg body weight for four days. Complete recovery of the doe was achieved.","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132102663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of levamisole® in the treatment of natural multiple helminth infection of ruminants in Zaria: A case report.","authors":"J. S. Neils, J. Nzalak, J. George","doi":"10.4314/TV.V24I1-2.4583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V24I1-2.4583","url":null,"abstract":"Thirty four (34) ruminants were presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital ABU, Zaria with the chief complaints of diarrhea and loss of weight. Laboratories examination revealed that the animals had multiple mixed helminthes infection. Faecal egg analysis showed infection rates of Haemonchus spp (82.4%); T richosrongyloides spp, (75.5%); Strongyloides spp, (47.1%); Bonustonum spp, (44.1%); Cooperia spp, (32.4%); Oesophagustomum spp, (17.6%) and Toxocara spp, (5.9%). Animals were treated with levamisole hydrochloride at 7.5mg/kg body weight (b.w.) subcutaneously. After treatment, recovered eggs were cultured, larvae recovery was 75% with Bonustomum spp, 25%; Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongyloides spp and Cooperia spp represented 16.7% each. This study shows that levamisole hydrochloride is an effective drug against mix helminthes infection in ruminants. Keywords : Mix helminthes infections, levamisole®, ruminants. Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (1 & 2) 2006: pp. 23-31","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132071621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The threshold and the maximum range of pharmacological response of gastrointestinal smooth muscle of nigerian muscovy duck (cairina moschata) to acetylcholine, histamine and adrenaline.","authors":"A. Saba, R. Arowolo","doi":"10.4314/TV.V24I1-2.4582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V24I1-2.4582","url":null,"abstract":"The effective dose ranges of acetylcholine, histamine and adrenaline were determined in the gastrointestinal smooth muscle of Nigerian Muscovy duck (C. moschata) using the modified muscle-bath contractility method. The molar concentration at the threshold responses (T.R) and maximal responses (M.R) were determined for each of the agonists. ‘This study was carried out on the different regions of the gastrointestinal (G.I) tract namely; crop, proventriculus, duodenum, ileum, caecum and rectum. The study revealed that the dose at which the smooth muscle of the Nigerian Muscovy duck shows the first recordable contractile response to acetylcholine is between 1 x 10-13 and 1-x 10-9 M. The maximum molar concentration of acetylcholine was obtained at 3 x 10-6 - 1 x 10-4 which is the dose beyond which further increase in the concentration of the acetylcholine does not yield any corresponding increase in the muscular response. The proventriculus appears most sensitive to acetylcholine with threshold value being at 1x 10-15 while the highest efficacy was recorded in the proventriculus and ileum at 1 x 10-6. Histamine contracted the gastrointestinal smooth muscle with the threshold value (T.R) of 1 x 10-14- 3 x 10-8 M and the maximum response (M.R) was attained at 3 x 10-6 - 3 x 10-4 M. Rectum and ileum have the least T.R values of 1 x 10-14M and 1 x 10-13M respectively, which suggest that these two segments of the G.I tract were most sensitive to histamine. The ileum, caecum and rectum had the least M.R value (3 x 10-6 M), which shows that they responded maximally to increase in molar concentration of the agonist. Adrenaline recorded the shortest range of threshold value (1 x 10-10- 3 x 10-8 M). The highest relaxant responses were produced between molar concentrations of 1 x 10-5- 3 x 10-4M. The ileum had the least T.R (1 x 10-10M) value while the caecum and rectum had the least M.R values of 1x10-9-1x 10-8M and 1x 10-8 M, respectively , which indicate that these segments were highly sensitive to adrenaline compared to other regions of the gastrointestinal tract. It was observed that the gastrointestinal smooth muscle of G.I tract of C. moschata is relatively more sensitive to acetylcholine, histamine and adrenaline than what has been reported for domestic chicken and Guinea fowl. The need for further studies on the factors responsible for occurrence of anatomical or regional differences in the sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract to the neurotransmitters was also stressed. Keywords :Pharmacological sensitivity, gastrointestinal smooth muscle, acetylcholine, histamine, adrenaline, Nigerian duck. Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (1 & 2) 2006: pp. 16-22","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132615595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lawsonia inermis And Hibiscus sabdariffa : Posible Histological Stains","authors":"I. Wiam, M. Sonfada, B. Oke, H. Kwari, P. Onyeyili","doi":"10.4314/TV.V24I1-2.4579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V24I1-2.4579","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of various concentrations of aqueous extracts of Lawsonia inermis and Hibiscus sabdariffa to stain histological tissues was demonstrated. The results with sections of tongue and kidney of the laboratory rat, cut at 6microns thickness showed that only the cellular cytoplasm was stained. However, combinations of the extracts of L. inermis with haematoxylin and H. sabdariffa with eosin gave good tissue staining with high contrast and cellular clarity. The result was compared with the usual staining with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E). It is concluded that the extracts of L. inermis and H. sabdariffa can be used as substitutes for eosin and haematoxylin respectively in routine histological preparations. Keywords : Lawsonia inermis, hibiscus sabdariffa , water extract, tissues. Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (1 & 2) 2006: pp. 1-5","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133794292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey Of Ketosis In Lactating Wadara Cows","authors":"I. Igbokwe, M. Salako, D. Mohammed, A. Bitrus, L. Umar","doi":"10.4314/TV.V24I3.4588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V24I3.4588","url":null,"abstract":"Milk samples collected from 203 lactating Wadara cows at various periods of lactation from April to August, 1999, in Borno State, Nigeria, were negative for ketones by Rothera's test. The protein, lactose, fat and total solids contents of 30 milk samples were 12.5  6.7mg/ml, 12.3  2.0mg/ml, 3.2  1.2% and 12.9  2.8%, respectively. The milk contents were not influenced by the period of lactation. The milk fat content was higher (p 0.05) variations occurred in the milk protein and lactose contents between the two seasons. It was concluded that ketosis was not prevalent among the cows but higher milk fat content at the end dry season probably suggested under-nutrition associated with increased fat mobilization. Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (3) 2006: pp. 58-61","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115804432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food-Based Newcastle Disease V 4 Vaccine In Guinea Fowl (Numida Meleagris Galeata Pallas) In Nigeria","authors":"S. S. Baba, C. C. Iheanacho, J. Idris, A. D. El-Yaguda","doi":"10.4314/TV.V24I3.4585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V24I3.4585","url":null,"abstract":"The efficacy trial of the feed-based Newcastle disease V4 (NDV4HR) vaccine was carried out on guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata, Pallas) in Maiduguri, Nigeria between December 2000 and March 2001. Eighty-five guinea fowls divided into 17 experimental groups of 5 birds per group were used in the study. The trial involved monitoring the immune response and determining the degree of immune protection of birds over a period of time after oral or intraocular vaccination with vaccine alone or when administered through parboiled rice, partly ground maize or sorghum and commercial poultry feed as vaccine vehicles in the food-based vaccine. Following vaccination of birds with either NDV4HR vaccine alone or as a food-based vaccine, the birds developed different reciprocal antibody geometric mean titres (GMT; GMT ranged from 10 to 226). The titre and the proportion of immuned birds in NDV4HR and La Sota- vaccinated birds were comparable when, administered individually to the birds through the oral route. However, the La Sota vaccine elicited higher titres when the two vaccines were administered intraocularly. The titres and the proportion of immuned birds vaccinated with maize-based or sorghum-based NDV4HR vaccine were significantly higher than those obtained with the parboiled rice-based and commercial feed-based vaccines. In all groups of birds, the titre peaked on day 21 after vaccination but then declined gradually. Nevertheless, booster vaccination of all groups of birds on day 49 post-primary vaccination resulted in significant increase in the titres and protection. Only the groups of birds vaccinated directly with vaccine alone had no mortality following artificial challenge with the virulent strain of ND virus. Keywords : Food-based Newcastle disease V 4 vaccine, guinea fowl. Nigeria. Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (3) 2006: pp. 37-45","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121701747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects Of Vitamin E Supplementation On Anaemia And Tissue Pathology In Rats Infected With Trypanosoma Brucei (Federe Strain)","authors":"A. A. Kaikabo, M. Salako","doi":"10.4314/TV.V24I3.4586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V24I3.4586","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of daily supplementation with vitamin E (75 iu/kg) on anaemia and tissue pathology in Trypanosoma brucei infected rats was investigated. Thirty (30) healthy mixed sex albino rats were used for the study. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups of ten rats each (n=10) as follows; group 1(control); group 2(vitamin E supplementation with T.brucei infection) and group 3 ( T. brucei infected unsupplemented).Infection was induced by intraperitoneal inoculation with 1×104/ml Trypanosomes suspended in diluted rat blood. Rats were bled each three days to measure the packed cell volume by microhaematocrit method and each five days to quantify parasitaemia level by red blood cell haemocytometric method. The packed cell volume (PCV) of the infected unsupplemented group decreased significantly (p≤0.05) to the level of 36.5±5.06% on day 14 post infection (pi) compared to vitamin E supplemented and control which had values of 44.35±2.57% and 47.25±2.87% respectively. These variations continued until when rats in vitamin E unsupplemented rats have died of severe trypanosomosis on day 23 pi. Despite vitamin E supplementation, the course of parasitaemia continues to increase with out abatement. The difference in parasitaemia score on day 20 pi was significant (p≤0.05) between vitamin E supplemented and unsupplemented infected rats 5.16±1.8´106/ml and 8.8±0.6´106/ml respectively. Major organs such as Liver, Spleen, Heart and Kidney were grossly affected. Lesions were pronounced in unsupplemented infected rats. Thus, vitamin E supplementation plays a role in modulating severity of infection in supplemented rats. Vitamin E supplementation may be of value if combined with conventional trypanocides in the treatment and or management of trypanosomosis infection. Keywords : Vitamin E, anaemia, Trypanosom nrucei, rats. Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (3) 2006: pp. 37-45","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115059049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence And Public Health Importance Of Microorganisms Isolated From The Faeces Of West African Dwarf Goats In Dschang, Cameroon","authors":"K. Ngwa, M. Mpoame, D. B. Mbombo","doi":"10.4314/TV.V24I3.4587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/TV.V24I3.4587","url":null,"abstract":"A survey was carried out in Dschang from January to April 2003 to determine the faecal microbial flora of the West African dwarf goat (Capra reversa). Early morning faecal samples were collected from the animals into wide month sterile bottles. Care was taken to avoid environmental and urinary contamination of samples. The stool specimens were processed for the identification of bacteria, fungi and protozoa according to standard methods. Protozoa were quantified using the Mac-Master techniques, Escherichia coli was identified in all the 250 (100%) faecal samples examined. Other microorganisms and their rate of occurrence were: Eimeria spp. (76%), Candida albicans (51.2%), and species of Samonella (43.2%), Enterobacter (12.4%), Pseudomonas (10%), Proteus (8.8%), Mucor (33.6%), and Rhizopus (2%). These microorganisms can initiate infections in animals under stress conditions, and only Eimeria spp. is non-zoonotic. Human infection with this organism can cause infections like enteric fever, gastroenteritis, candidiasis, wound, urinary, respiratory and eye infections depending on the site of infection and the specific organism involved. Contamination of humans, animals, soil, crops and water systems is encouraged by traditional husbandry methods and runoff water from manure fields. Farmers in Dschang need to be educated on appropriate systems of animal husbandry in order to prevent public health risks. Keywords : Goats, faeces, microorganisms, public health Tropical Veterinarian Vol. 24 (3) 2006: pp. 52-57","PeriodicalId":428776,"journal":{"name":"Tropical veterinarian","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132211595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}