Separation and Purification Technology最新文献

{"title":"MXene-based composites for adsorption and photocatalytic immobilization of U(VI): Current progress and future perspectives","authors":"Weili Ding, Hao Deng, Suxiang Guo, Leyi Li, Peng Wang, Huayue Zhu, Derek Hao, Chunjuan Li, Xiujuan Tang, Qi Wang, Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134282","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear energy is widely noted for stable power, low carbon, high energy density and cost-effectiveness. Uranium plays an important role as one of the most commonly utilized elements in nuclear energy. Nevertheless, the efficient immobilization (extraction from seawater and removal from wastewater) of uranium is still a significant challenge. Emerging as a novel class of two-dimensional materials, MXenes demonstrate exceptional potential in environmental remediation applications owing to their unique layered architecture, tunable surface chemistry, and multifunctional properties. Recent advances highlight MXene-based composites as superior adsorbents for U(VI) elimination, capitalizing on their extraordinary hydrophilicity, modifiable surface charge distribution, and synergistic redox capabilities. Moreover, their remarkable electrical conductivity, abundant catalytic sites, and sufficient surface terminations position MXenes as promising co-catalysts for photocatalytic U(VI) reduction. While significant progress has been made in understanding MXene-mediated U(VI) immobilization through adsorption and photocatalysis, systematic reviews addressing these advancements remain scarce. This comprehensive review elucidates fundamental aspects of MXenes including structural characteristics, synthesis methodologies, and basic properties. Subsequently, we critically analyze their application mechanisms in U(VI) adsorption and photocatalytic reduction, systematically evaluate recent breakthroughs in adsorption and photocatalytic reduction strategies. Finally, we identify critical challenges hindering practical implementation of MXene-based technologies in U(VI) immobilization.","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144594664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peroxymonocarbonate activation via carbon nanofibers supported manganese for efficient norfloxacin degradation","authors":"Zhuo Chen ,&nbsp;Haoqi Yang ,&nbsp;Juanjuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Bo-Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Du","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peroxymonocarbonate (PMC) activation system has been investigated for its ability to remove antibiotics due to its effectiveness, environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Herein, carbon nanofibers supported with manganese (Mn/CNFs) were synthesized by an electrospinning-stabilization-carbonization method to activate PMC for efficient norfloxacin (NOR) degradation. The manganese oxide nanoparticles were distributed in the carbon nanofibers, which effectively prevented the metal leaching. The catalytic activity of the metal/CNFs for NOR removal in the PMC activation system followed: Mn/CNFs &gt; Cu/CNFs &gt; Co/CNFs &gt; W/CNFs &gt; V/CNFs, which might provide important information for PMC activation. In addition, Mn is more environmentally friendly and abundant than other metals. The Mn/CNFs exhibited higher catalytic activity for PMC activation than other peroxides (e.g., peroxymonosulfate, H₂O₂ and persulfate). The NOR degradation efficiency was 90.6 % in the Mn/CNF-activated PMC system within 60 min, and this efficiency only decreased by 3.8 % after the third cycle, indicating the good recyclability of the Mn/CNFs. The reactive species (¹O₂, CO₃^·−, O₂^·− and ·OH) were responsible for NOR removal, and ¹O₂ played the dominant role. Fourteen intermediates were identified, and three degradation pathways of NOR were proposed, including piperazine ring opening, the quinolone ring opening, decarboxylation and deethyl groups. Furthermore, 92.8 % of the NOR degradation intermediates were nonharmful according to the ecological structure–activity relationship model. This study provides important information to design efficient metal catalysts for PMC activation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"377 ","pages":"Article 134291"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiolytic degradation of pentachlorophenol by radiation combined with TiO2 nanoparticles","authors":"Yuening Song ,&nbsp;Yuqin Hou ,&nbsp;Jianlong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the synergistic degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in aqueous solutions using gamma radiation combined with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles, focusing on the optimization of influencing parameters through response surface methodology (RSM). PCP decomposition achieved 99 % by radiation alone at 6.5 kGy, while the low mineralization ratio highlighted the persistence of intermediate products. The introduction of TiO₂ nanoparticles increased the mineralization efficiency by 1.36 times (from 25 % to 59 %), and dechlorination efficiency rose from 75 % to 95 %. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) identified absorbed dose (<em>X</em>₂) exerts the most significant influence on all response variables, underscoring the central role of radiolytic degradation in the process. Response surface analysis also delineated an optimal operational window (<em>X</em>₁: 20–30 mg/L;<!--> <em>X</em>₂: 2.5–3.0 kGy;<!--> <em>X</em>₃: 0.6–0.8 g/L), achieving balanced efficiency (degradation &gt; 85 %, mineralization &gt; 35 %, and dechlorination &gt; 70 %). These findings indicated that the combination of radiation with TiO₂ nanoparticles is effective to enhance the degradation and mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater treatment applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"377 ","pages":"Article 134266"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-nanobubbles for removing membrane foulants from the surface of nanofiltration membranes in drinking water applications","authors":"Te Minh Son, Chang Ying Shi, Kai Kamada, Sandrine Boivin, Takahiro Fujioka","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134259","url":null,"abstract":"Mitigating membrane fouling is an inevitable phenomenon in nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatments. In particular, direct treatment of surface waters using submerged NF membranes can induce higher membrane fouling owing to the lack of a pre-filtration process. This study aimed to optimize membrane cleaning conditions using micro-nanobubbles (MNBs) during submerged NF membrane treatment. The submerged NF system using NF270 membranes was operated at a constant flux of 6 L/m²h with weekly MNB cleaning intervals. The results showed that MNB cleaning for over 90 min achieved complete recovery of water permeance. During long-term operation (49 days), weekly MNB cleaning restored the transmembrane pressure to its initial value within the first four filtration cycles. The rejection of dissolved organic carbon remained high at &gt; 74 %, indicating that MNB cleaning did not compromise the quality of treated water. The cleaning efficiency decreased in subsequent filtration cycles. The cleaning effect of MNBs was attributed to the shear force and collapse phenomenon, which reduced the formation of a cake layer comprising organic matter (e.g., protein-like substances) and bacterial cells on the NF membrane surface. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of MNB cleaning in mitigating fouling during submerged NF treatment.","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facile supersaturation control strategies for regulating nucleation and crystal growth in membrane crystallisation","authors":"A. Ouda, Y. Bajón-Fernández, E. McAdam","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134252","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of crystallisation into membrane distillation has been proposed for brine mining as a method to effectively control primary nucleation which uses the excess supersaturation to create a new crystal phase. However, primary nucleation desaturates the solvent, subsequently introducing competition between crystal growth and nucleation mechanisms, which must be regulated to achieve a high yield and good product quality. This study therefore investigated supersaturation control strategies that can regulate nucleation and crystal growth mechanisms in membrane distillation crystallisation (MDC) following induction. Membrane area was used to adjust supersaturation, as this can modify kinetics without introducing changes to mass and heat transfer within the boundary layer. An increase in concentration rate shortened induction time and raised supersaturation at induction. This broadened the metastable zone width, and reduced scaling, due to the increased supersaturation driving force which favours a homogeneous primary nucleation pathway. Modulating supersaturation also repositioned the system within specific regions of the metastable zone that can favour crystal growth versus primary nucleation. Scaling was further mitigated using in-line filtration to ensure crystal retention within the crystalliser to reduce deposition. This permitted a consistent supersaturation rate to be sustained, enabling a longer hold-up time following induction. Population balance confirmed a reduction in nucleation rate with longer hold-up times, due to the desaturation of the solvent caused by crystal growth which resulted in larger crystal sizes. Through segregating the crystal phase into the bulk solution, growth can be more closely controlled to improve habit, shape and purity, independent of nucleation, due to the development of two discrete regions of supersaturation. The supersaturation control strategies described herein are unique to MDC and address the acknowledged challenge of supersaturation control within existing industrial evaporative crystalliser design.","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of Mn2O3-Cu NanoPCM in aluminum cans for enhancing thermal performance and freshwater yield of M-shaped basin solar desalination system: An experimental analysis","authors":"Abdulaziz Alasiri ,&nbsp;S. Shanmugan","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134267","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134267","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research investigates enhancements to the freshwater output of solar desalination systems by integrating Mn₂O₃-doped Cu nanocomposite (MC) and Paraffin RT31-phase change materials (P) into an M−shaped absorber plate single-slope solar desalination system (SMD) for improved thermal storage. Five configurations were evaluated: a conventional solar still (CSS), and SMDs with individual PC, PM, and MCP integrations, as well as one without MCP. The impact of these modifications on SMD productivity was quantified by coupling them with aluminum cans. The experimental setup included: (stage 1) CSS (without MCP), (stage 2) SMD, (stage 3) SMD with PC, (stage 4) SMD with PM, and (stage 5) SMD with MCP and aluminum cans. Performance was measured and compared in Vijayawada (KLEF), India (80°63′E, 16°51′N). Results indicated that while MCP affected daytime (summer and winter) freshwater yield, the overall output improved in the SMD using MCP. Total daily accumulated freshwater yields for stages 2–5 were 12.5 %, 16.5 %, 20.5 %, and 25.4 % higher than stage 1, respectively. Winter productivity increased across all MCP-integrated configurations, from 3.45 kg per meter2 (stage 1) to 6.32 kg per meter2 (stage 5). Summer productivity followed a similar trend, increasing from 2.953 kg/m2 (stage 1) to 6.594 kg/m2 (stage 5). Overall thermal efficiencies ranged from 32.9 % (CSS) to 42.7 % (MCP), with stage 5 exhibiting the highest productivity and efficiency. The use of aluminum cans promote recycling and offers a cost-effective material option for the M−shaped basin solar desalination system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"377 ","pages":"Article 134267"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-limiting interfacial synthesis of inorganic thin films for high-performance organic solvent nanofiltration in pharmaceutical applications","authors":"Xiaoxiang Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhe Xu ,&nbsp;Xinsheng Luo ,&nbsp;Yi Chai ,&nbsp;Jiajian Xing ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jingtao Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Inorganic membranes are prime candidates for organic solvent recovery in the pharmaceutical industry due to their excellent solvent resistance, mechanical strength and durability. However, constructing high-performance inorganic separation layers is still the most challenging aspect in the fabrication of inorganic membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) exhibit high chemical stability for their rigid cubic framework with strong covalent metal-cyanide coordination bonds. Inspired by the interfacial polymerization (IP) strategy, this study proposes a simple synthesis method for prussian blue analog thin films (PBA TFs) on porous ceramic substrates, using coordination reactions between K₃[Fe(CN)₆] and acetylacetonate (e.g. Cu(acac)₂, Mn(acac)₃ or Co(acac)₂). The Mn-Fe PBA membrane exhibits high solvent permeance (e.g., 176.4 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹·bar⁻¹ for ethyl acetate) and demonstrates a molecular weight cut-off ranging from 665 to 760 Da across six tested solvents. To evaluate the industrial potential of Mn-Fe PBA membranes, solvent recovery experiments were conducted in a twin-stage OSN system using seven active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)/solvent systems. In the tylosin/dimethyl sulfoxide system, the Mn-Fe PBA membrane achieved over 80 % total API retention, maintaining stable performance across multiple cycles. The formation process of PBA TFs was analyzed by adjusting monomer diffusion conditions. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the film formation mechanism. The self-limiting nature of the IP strategy not only inhibits the formation of PBA large crystals, but also induces the self-assembly of PBA nanocrystals along the n-hexane/water interface, resulting in a complete PBA TF. This IP strategy blazes a new trail for fabrication of high-performance inorganic OSN membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"377 ","pages":"Article 134261"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of lignin-modified nanofiltration membranes performance via acyl chloride crosslinking post-treatment","authors":"Junming Zhang ,&nbsp;Taoli Huhe ,&nbsp;Zhengzhong Zhou ,&nbsp;Dan-Dan Shao ,&nbsp;Xiaoshan Meng ,&nbsp;Qian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134255","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134255","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nowadays, the discharge of pharmaceutical wastewater and the overuse of antibiotics have resulted in the accumulation of antibiotic residues in water body, posing a severe threat to environment and human health. Nanofiltration (NF) membranes, due to their selective permeability, have been widely applied in the removal of antibiotics. However, it is significant to replace the monomers produced by fossil resources in interfacial polymerization with renewable monomers. To address this challenge, lignin was incorporated as a biomass-source modifier into the interfacial polymerization process. Lignin-based NF membranes were crosslinked with diacyl chlorides to enhance their rejection performance. To enhance membrane performance, the acyl chloride selection was optimized, and the influence of molecular chain length variation in linear diacyl chlorides on membrane crosslinking characteristics was investigated. Membrane properties were thoroughly evaluated through permeability tests, along with characterizations including infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. These analyses shed light on the impact of reaction conditions on membrane performance and the underlying reaction mechanisms. The results demonstrated that the membrane crosslinked with glutaroyl chloride achieved a significant increase in Na₂SO₄ rejection, from 90.2 % to 96.7 %, and exhibited excellent rejection (&gt;95 %) for various antibiotics. This study not only expands the use of biomass materials in the fabrication of NF membranes but also provides a new strategy for the development of high-performance membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"377 ","pages":"Article 134255"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon dots for multipollutant water treatment: Preparation, features, and applications","authors":"Bao-Ying Wang,&nbsp;Huan-Yan Xu,&nbsp;Bo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as a versatile class of nanomaterials with unique structural, optical, and biocompatible properties, enabling their widespread applications in various fields. This work comprehensively reviews the preparation methods, functionalization strategies, structural characteristics, and properties of CDs, focusing on their applications in sensing, adsorption, and catalysis. The critical role of preparation conditions in determining the photoluminescence and surface functionality of CDs is systematically outlined. Furthermore, we thoroughly examine the potential of CDs in pollutant adsorption, catalytic degradation, and environmental monitoring, highlighting the importance of tailoring their properties for targeted applications in environmental remediation. By bridging the gap between fundamental research and practical applications, this review aims to inspire future innovations in the design and utilization of CDs for advanced environmental technologies while addressing the key challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"377 ","pages":"Article 134265"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144578506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing fluoride-induced hydration dynamics for ultra-selective bioalcohol separation","authors":"Linjing Zhong ,&nbsp;Rongze Lin ,&nbsp;Hao Huang ,&nbsp;Shaoqu Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134245","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134245","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A salt-induced biphasic separation strategy utilizing potassium fluoride (KF) was developed for the efficient, green, and cost-effective recovery of biobutanol and bioethanol from concentrated acetone/n-butanol/ethanol (ABE) fermentation broth. Liquid–liquid equilibrium data demonstrated KF’s exceptional salting-out performance: at 500 g/kg addition, it achieved 99.17 % dehydration, 91.95 % ethanol recovery, and complete n-butanol recovery, outperforming other potassium halides and highly soluble strong base–weak acid salts. Across various test systems, such as 40 wt% ABE, 50 wt% ABE, 40 wt% acetone, 40 wt% n-butanol, 40 wt% ethanol, 12 wt% acetone, 24 wt% butanol, near-saturation KF levels consistently yielded &gt; 98 % dehydration, &gt;91 % ethanol recovery, and &gt;99.8 % butanol recovery, confirming its superior adaptability and stability. Mechanistic insights revealed that KF disrupts water-organic azeotropes via F⁻-driven hydrolysis and intense hydration interactions, where its charge density and hydration enthalpy promote selective water binding and phase separation. Additionally, synergistic interactions between KF and both polar and non-polar ABE components were identified as key to enhanced separation. This study provides a robust theoretical and practical framework for next-generation salting out in biofuel purification.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":427,"journal":{"name":"Separation and Purification Technology","volume":"377 ","pages":"Article 134245"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144586997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}