2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE最新文献

{"title":"APPLICATION OF WOOD-BASED SEISMIC RETROFITTING TECHNIQUES ON EXISTING TIMBER AND MASONRY STRUCTURES: DESIGN STRATEGIES, MODELLING APPROACHES AND PRACTICAL BENEFITS FOR TWO CASE-STUDY BUILDINGS","authors":"M. Mirra, Andrea Gerardini, G. Ravenshorst, J. G. van de Kuilen","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.112","url":null,"abstract":"Reversible retrofitting techniques for protecting architectural heritage against seismic events have found increasing application in existing or historical buildings. In this framework, the use of wood-based strengthening solutions for both timber and masonry structures has shown promising results, as proved by several recent research studies. Starting from these outcomes, the present work aims at highlighting the potential of such timber-based retrofitting methods from both the academic and the professional perspective, considering two case-study buildings: a stone-masonry church from 18th century with a timber roof, and a Venetian sawmill composed of masonry and timber structural portions. In the first case-study building, the church of St. Andrew in Ceto (province of Brescia, Italy), the lack of joints among the roof timber members and the masonry walls, as well as the in-plane flexibility of the roof structure itself, made the church vulnerable to seismic actions and prone to local out-of-plane masonry collapses. The second case-study building, the sawmill of Vallaro (province of Brescia, Italy), was composed of two building units, one featuring mainly timber structural elements, the other consisting of masonry walls and a wooden roof. This second intervention was very complex, because of the different materials involved, their conservation state, and the need to transform part of the building in a museum, with increased design static and seismic loads. For both case studies, timber-based seismic retrofitting interventions were applied, consisting of the addition of new wooden members, and the use of plywood panels and cross-laminated timber elements. This work presents and discusses the adopted design and modelling strategies, as well as the practical benefits of the applied solutions. The present study can thus contribute to the promotion of timber-based techniques in the combined structural, seismic, and conservation upgrading of existing buildings belonging to the architectural heritage of seismic-prone countries.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132501042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLASSIFICATION OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING STOCK IN SERBIA","authors":"S. Brzev, J. Borozan, M. Marinković, M. Hadzima-Nyarko, N. Blagojević, Milica Petrović, Veljko Koković, B. Bulajić, B. Stojadinović","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.100","url":null,"abstract":"Developing a classification system (taxonomy) for buildings is a critical step for seismic risk assessment studies. Such a system can be used to characterize a building portfolio within urban/rural settlements or building stock for the entire country. Serbia is located in a region characterized by a moderate seismic hazard. In the last century, 10 earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 and higher occurred in Serbia, the strongest (M 6.0) in 1922. The strongest earthquake in the 21st century (Mw 5.5), with an epicenter close to Kraljevo, occurred in November 2010 and caused significant damage to residential buildings. In 2019, members of the Serbian Association for Earthquake Engineering (SUZI-SAEE) contributed to the SERA project and its goal to develop a seismic risk model for Europe. A taxonomy of residential buildings in Serbia was developed based on previous national and regional building stock studies. The proposed taxonomy includes the Lateral Load-Resisting System (LLRS) (e.g., wall, frame, dual wall-frame system) and material of the LLRS (e.g., masonry, concrete, wood) as the main attributes. The type of floor diaphragm (rigid or flexible) has been specified only for masonry typologies with unreinforced masonry walls, while building height and date of construction have been implicitly considered. According to the proposed taxonomy, there are 9 residential building typologies in Serbia; out of those, 5 typologies are related to masonry structures, 3 are related to RC structures, and one is related to wood structures. This paper describes the proposed taxonomy and outlines the characteristic features of different building typologies and their relevance for estimating seismic vulnerability and risk. A comparison of the proposed taxonomy for Serbia and published taxonomies for Croatia is also presented.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132754142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF RUBBERIZED CONCRETE IN STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS","authors":"T. Kalman Šipoš, Kristina Jeleč, I. Miličević","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.119","url":null,"abstract":"Rubberized concrete is a promising material for the structural elements, created by replacing sand with rubber particles in order to significantly reduce environmental impacts from large tyre waste with improved behaviour under earthquake loads. Experimental studies on nine columns and three frames were carried out in order to determine the capacity of different structural elements in regard to conventional concrete. The specimens were subjected to a cyclic loading following loading protocol used for the seismic performance assessment of structural and non-structural components, as it allows all damage states to be quantified to develop the corresponding fragility models. The results indicated that rubberized concrete columns and frames made of rubberized concrete can delay and reduce the amount of damage occurring under seismic loading. This is attributed to the higher deformability of rubberized concrete compared to conventional. With these contributions, an increased use of rubberized concrete in global construction can promise a reduction of the significant environmental impacts caused both from waste tyres and the exploitation of natural resources with promotion of environmentally friendly alternative to conventional concrete in structural applications in earthquake prone areas.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122128640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ON THE INFLUENCE OF ROAD AND RAIL TRAFFIC ON SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF HISTORIC MASONRY BUILDINGS","authors":"Ivo Haladin, Krešimir Burnać, K. Vranešić","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.130","url":null,"abstract":"In the event of the earthquake that struck the city of Zagreb on the 22nd of March 2020. many of the buildings in the old city centre suffered from various types of damage. Most of the masonry buildings in the old city of Zagreb are over 100 years old, and so is the tramway infrastructure running alongside the buildings. The long operational period of tramway traffic can be an important factor when we talk about the influence of traffic-induced vibrations on the seismic vulnerability of the buildings. Long-term exposure to high levels of traffic-induced vibrations can lead to mortar deterioration and detachment of masonry units. To analyse the influence of vibrations induced by tramway traffic, historic data on tram operations and earthquake damage have been investigated. Segmentation of rail tracks was made taking into consideration the distance between the track and surrounding buildings as well as the assessment of damage on the buildings after a recent 2020 earthquake. Furthermore, to inspect the influence of various types of traffic on the surrounding buildings, eight different locations in Zagreb’s urban core have been chosen for statistical analysis (six streets in the north-south direction and two intersections).","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122581724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APPLICATION OF ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP) IN EARTHQUAKE RISK ASSESSMENT","authors":"A. Cerić, Ivona Ivić","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.133","url":null,"abstract":"Different types of disasters, including earthquakes, are causing social, health, economic, and environmental damage worldwide. In this regard, the need for comprehensive and effective disaster and risk management becomes even more recognised, especially from public institutions. Risk management includes careful identification, analysis, and development of risk mitigation strategies, which implies planning and a certain degree of prediction of future events and their consequences. However, all risk components of earthquakes are not measurable or have a very high degree of uncertainty. Therefore, earthquake risk management activities are challenging throughout entire earthquake risk management activities. In this paper, the Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for effective earthquake risk assessment is presented. AHP belongs to the group of multi-criteria analysis that combines quantitative and qualitative data with the aim of making decisions in defining the priorities of alternative solutions to a given problem. It is particularly suitable in cases where there is a lack of statistical data to conduct the analysis. The use of AHP is explored in the context of producing earthquake risk priority lists for a certain geographical region. A hierarchical model for risk assessment of five different counties was developed. The three main criteria that have influence on the earthquake risk are used: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability of the built environment. AHP was used to determine the priority list of counties according to these three criteria. The resulting priority list of counties can be used to produce earthquake risk maps, thus provide a useful tool for allocation of available mitigation resources.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125408991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF CONFINED MASONRY WALLS USING EQUIVALENT DIAGONAL STRUT MODELS","authors":"Nemanja Krtinić, M. Gams, M. Marinković","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.30","url":null,"abstract":"Masonry structures are commonly used for building residential buildings throughout the Balkans and worldwide, in urban and rural areas and areas with seismic risk. For masonry construction in regions with seismic risk, confined masonry (CM) construction offers an appealing alternative to unreinforced masonry (URM) due to its better seismic performance. The numerical simulation of CM is often based on the Equivalent Strut Model (ESM). Such a model provides a very reasonable compromise between accuracy and efficiency and is simple enough for use in design. The purpose of this paper is to compare the results of an experimental shear compression test on a modern CM wall with different ESM models. Five ESM models proposed by various authors are compared. The numerical pushover analyses were performed in the SAP2000 software, and the reference points of the model that gave the best alignment with experimental results were estimated using regression analyses. The results show that the simple modelling of CM walls with an equivalent diagonal strut, which carries load only in compression, can accurately simulate the global seismic response and is suitable for practical applications.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125150396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SEISMIC RETROFIT OF STRATEGIC MASONRY STRUCTURES WITH BASE ISOLATION TECHNIQUE: THE CASE STUDY OF “GIACOMO MATTEOTTI” SCHOOL BUILDING IN GUBBIO, ITALY","authors":"S. Barone, R. Vetturini","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.31","url":null,"abstract":"Seismic retrofit of existing structures is an extremely important topic in the field of earthquake engineering. For strategic structures such as school and military buildings, bridges and infrastructures in general, the expected performance level is further raised compared to conventional structures to guarantee two fundamental targets: to resist the ultimate design seismic action corresponding to the life safety limit state and to guarantee immediate occupancy after an earthquake event. This means no damage to the structural elements as well as protection of internal equipment from excessive accelerations. Structure functionality is therefore the minimum acceptable level of retrofit for strategic structures. In case of masonry buildings located in medium-high seismicity zones, conventional retrofit (i.e. wall-to-roof and wall-to-floor anchorage, out-of-plane wall bracing, diaphragm strengthening) does not allow to fully achieve the above objectives. Furthermore, the application of these techniques causes an important and invasive impact on the structure, distorting the building on both architectural and functional level. Base isolation is a technical solution that allows to drastically reduce the seismic demand on the structure using special anti-seismic devices characterized by high horizontal flexibility. This paper describes the application of seismic isolation technique to protect the “Giacomo Matteotti” school building, located in the city of Gubbio, Italy. The building was built in the 1940s, and it is made of cast stone and bricks and reinforced concrete-hollow tiles mixed floors. The building has three floors, a total area of 6.000 m2, an inter-storey height of 4 m and a total volume of about 23.750 m3. The City of Gubbio (Umbria region, Italy), is located in an area where strong earthquakes can occur, with expected peak ground acceleration on rock soil equal to 0.29g for 475 years return period (i.e., 10% exceedance probability in 50 years). For the base isolation system, Freyssinet has supplied 94 anti-seismic rubber isolators ISOSISM® type HDRB-H 550x155 and 93 flat sliders with confined elastomeric disc TETRON® type CD GL 3000.600.600 in order to reduce the eccentricity between centre of mass and centre of stiffness of the isolation system and consequently the torsional effects on the superstructure. This paper describes the performance characteristics of the isolators with particular attention to the experimental dynamic response. A special focus is given to all the construction phases and details necessary to isolate a masonry structure.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125504477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DAMAGE ASSESSMENT FOR RAPID RESPONSE: THE CENTRAL ITALY 2016 M6 EVENT","authors":"B. Petrovic, C. Scaini, S. Parolai","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.56","url":null,"abstract":"In case of a seismic event, building damage is one of the causes of casualties. For this reason, the rapid estimation of expected structural damage in near-real time is of greatest importance to improve and support rapid response life-saving actions of emergency managers. Within this framework, we have developed the Damage Assessment for Rapid Response method that allows us to estimate the expected damage by using earthquake recordings in real or near-real time, and the knowledge of the fundamental frequency and the damping of the building. We simulate the linear dynamic behavior of buildings in a first order approximation as single-degree-of-freedom oscillators. We are not interested in a precise reconstruction of the dynamic behavior including the non-linear one, but in the exceeding of the relative displacement of predefined damage thresholds. The relative displacement at the top of the buildings is compared with damage thresholds defined in literature for different building typologies to assess the expected damage. The method can be applied to single buildings or building typologies in target areas using earthquake recordings of sensors installed at the basement or on the soil. In this study, we show the estimation of the expected damage for the dominant building typologies (low to mid-rise unreinforced masonry and low to high-rise reinforced concrete buildings) for four selected target areas (Amatrice, Norcia, Sulmona and Visso) for the M6 August 24 event of the Central Italy 2016-2017 seismic sequence. The considered towns are located at diverse epicentral distances and are characterized by different building typologies for which varying damage patterns have been observed. The fundamental frequencies are estimated using specific building-soil period-height relationships obtained from empirical measurements. The expected damage is compared with the observed one for the dominant building typologies and is in accordance with it for most of the considered building typologies in the four target areas.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126986754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRITICAL NEAR RESONANCE SHAKING TABLE TESTS OF CONSTRUCTED LARGE-SCALE UPGRADED ISOLATED USI-V-MG BRIDGE PROTOTYPE MODEL","authors":"J. Ristić, Ragip Behrami, D. Ristić","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.73","url":null,"abstract":"Construction of modern, seismically safe bridge structures represents a permanent activity of the highest importance because bridge structures are important key elements responsible for providing continuous functioning of integral highway infrastructure systems. An extensive experimental and analytical research led by the third author was performed in the Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Seismology (IZIIS), Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, lasting three and a half years, in the frames of the innovative NATO Science for Peace Project “Seismic Upgrading of Bridges in South-East Europe by Innovative Technologies (SFP: 983828)”, involving five countries. The specific project part included development of the innovative upgraded seismically isolated system USI with vertical multi gap V-MG representing an advanced technology for seismic isolation and seismic protection of bridges. By integrating the new uniform, vertical multi-gap (V-MG) energy dissipation devices, qualitative advances of the USI-V-MG system were achieved. The original observations resulting from the conducted complex, unique and critical near resonance shaking table tests of the constructed large-scale bridge model are presented and discussed in this paper. The extensive experimental research program was realized on a bridge model constructed by using the seismically isolated system upgraded with uniform vertical multi-gap energy dissipation devices (USI-V-MG). The installed adaptive system for seismic protection of bridges utilizes originally produced double spherical rolling seismic bearings (DSRSB) as seismic isolators, while qualitative improvement of the seismic performances is achieved through the use of novel, uniform vertical multi-gap energy dissipation (V-MG-ED) devices.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127141838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"THE BUILDING CODE SIA 269/8 FOR A RISK-BASED SEISMIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND RETROFIT OF STRUCTURES IN SWITZERLAND","authors":"B. Duvernay","doi":"10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.58","url":null,"abstract":"This contribution presents the central concepts of the swiss building code SIA 269/8 [1] for the verification of the seismic safety of existing structures. The first central concept of SIA 269/8 is the compliance factor. It indicates the degree of compliance of an existing structure in comparison with the requirements for new structures. The second central concept is the recommendation of measures based on the value of the compliance factor. If the seismic safety of an existing structure lies below a minimum threshold value of the compliance factor, retrofitting is mandatory to reach this minimum threshold whatever the costs. If the compliance factor is smaller than 1.0 and higher or equal to the minimum compliance factor, only efficient measures, with a risk reduction greater than the costs, have to be implemented. The third central concept of SIA 269/8 is the evaluation of the commensurability of measures through the explicit computation of their efficiency. The risk reduction is computed using a set of standardized curves linking the compliance factor with different risk unit values. The efficiency is computed as the ratio between the risk reduction in Swiss francs (CHF) per year and the annualized cost of measures. For the computation of the risk reduction for human life, a value of statistical life of 10 million Swiss francs is used. This elegant and relatively simple framework allows to focus retrofit measures for constructions with an unacceptable risk level as well as for constructions for which commensurate retrofit measures can be found. It has been widely applied in Switzerland since 2004 and is well accepted in practice.","PeriodicalId":427395,"journal":{"name":"2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering ‒ 2CroCEE","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127347352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}