{"title":"Prolegomena","authors":"Steven F. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Probably no process epitomizes life more than respiration. By respiration we mean the cascade of energy-producing biochemical reactions called oxidative phosphorylation, powered by a gradient of oxidation. Structure and function are intimately connected, forming an entity called a faculty. In this book, we focus on the functional and evolutionary morphology of the respiratory faculty, many of the components of which are older than the first animals, indeed older than life itself. The initial steps until the first animals arose are summarized here in a hypothetical scenario and provided together with an introduction to several other conceptual approaches that we have adhered to throughout this book.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125166779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A very brief history of respiratory biology","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"A better understanding of what life is and how living organisms function has always been of crucial importance to humans, but ‘biology’ as a scientific discipline is quite young, the term being coined around 1800. Similarly, ‘respiratory biology’ as a discrete branch of biology is much younger and even today the term is not commonly used. However, the knowledge about life and the discovery and study of respiration as parts of other disciplines accumulated as a mosaic over the centuries. Some of the most important persons and their primary achievements in the field that we now call respiratory biology are summarized in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116146953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Respiratory faculties of amphibious and terrestrial craniotes","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of air-breathing respiratory faculties for craniotes. Air breathing has arisen independently dozens of times among ray-finned fishes, but none has become completely terrestrial. The lobe-finned fishes eventually gave rise to amphibians and amniotes, and we see an increased importance of primarily lung-based air breathing. A muscular mechanism for lung ventilation (a buccal pump in amphibians and primarily a negative pressure aspiration mechanism in amniotes), pulmonary veins that return oxygenated blood to the heart, and some mechanism for partial or complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood masses at the heart are seen. Each major tetrapod group, in fact, has its own specific breathing mechanism. The chapter examines in some detail low-performance and high-performance faculties, the latter being particularly realized in the diaphragm-powered, ventilated pool system of the mammalian bronchoalveolar lung, and in the cross-current system of the avian lung–air sac system.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130157964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A primer on respiratory physiology","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"According to the principle ‘before you can do what you want to do, you always have to do something else’, this chapter first delves into the basics of respiratory physiology. It begins with summarizing the physical gas laws and their physiological applications to the core process of respiration: diffusion. The chapter finally arrives at introducing the different gas exchange models that can be observed in the various lineages of animals and the basics of ventilatory mechanics. Equipped with this knowledge, it is hoped that the reader will better understand the functional and evolutionary discussions of the respiratory faculties in the following chapters.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128641235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structure, function, and evolution of respiratory proteins","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory proteins are complexes of proteins and metal ions. In haemoglobin the metal is iron, in haemocyanin—the most common invertebrate respiratory protein—it is copper. Globins such as haemoglobin and myoglobin and related molecular complexes have probably been around as long as life itself, whereas others such as the most common respiratory protein of molluscs and arthropods, haemocyanin, appear to be younger and are not chemically related to globins. Nevertheless, astounding functional similarities between haemoglobin and haemocyanin are seen. The present chapter takes a look at the molecular mechanisms behind their function, their fundamental integration in the respiratory process, and also traces the evolution of these respiratory proteins.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"119 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133752846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The evolution of air-breathing respiratory faculties in invertebrates","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims at piecing together the evolution of air breathing in invertebrates, the main conclusion here being that it evolved independently several times. In molluscs alone, air breathing has evolved several times, but almost exclusively among snails. Among crustaceans, several groups of crabs have also independently developed terrestrial representatives and transitional stages, particularly in the control of breathing, are evident. Analysis of insects shows few recognizable evolutionary progressions: air sacs and different stigmatal closure mechanisms have appeared and disappeared numerous times, even within closely related groups. But other tracheate groups such as myriapods show an interesting correlation between the presence of tracheal lungs, which end in an open circulatory system, and tracheae that invade the tissue as in insects, and the presence or reduction of respiratory proteins. In arachnids a similar tendency is seen, and the most interesting developments were the (partial) replacement of a ‘perfectly good’ air-breathing organ (book lungs) by another one (tracheae).","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115061089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Respiratory faculties of amphibious and terrestrial invertebrates","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the respiratory faculties of invertebrate air breathers. Although the partial pressure of oxygen in water is the same as in the surrounding atmosphere, the oxygen content per unit volume is around 30 times less due to its relatively low solubility in water. So it is no wonder that there is evidence for invertebrate animals on land as early as from the Palaeozoic. In spite of this apparent metabolic advantage, aside from some annelid groups, the only invertebrates to truly call dry land their home are some snails and arthropods. Among the latter, we see several independent origins of air breathing, and crustaceans present a particularly interesting study group in this regard. Arachnids and insects, on the other hand, were from the beginning terrestrial and air breathing, and insect tracheae form the most effective respiratory system going.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121828711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Control of breathing in invertebrates","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Every animal that has a respiratory faculty has some mechanism for regulating its perfusion and ventilation. A prerequisite for such regulation is some way of sensing internal and external levels of respiratory-relevant gases. The regulatory entities can be peripheral, central, or both. This chapter looks at the control of breathing in aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and concludes that the main signal for aquatic species is oxygen, whereas the internal pH/PCO2 is most important for the control of air breathing, regardless of the phylogenetic group to which the animal may belong.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130235104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The evolution of air-breathing respiratory faculties in craniotes","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The origin of lungs from a swim bladder, swim bladder from lungs, or both from a relatively undifferentiated respiratory pharynx remains unresolved. Once present, the lungs can be ventilated by a positive-pressure buccal pump, which can be easily derived from the gill ventilation sequence in a lungfish, or by negative-pressure aspiration. Although aspiration breathing is characteristic of amniotes, it has also been observed in a lungfish and body wall muscle contraction in response to respiratory stimuli has even been reported in lamprey larvae. The hypaxial body wall musculature used for aspiration breathing is also necessary for locomotion in most amniotes, just when respiratory demand is greatest. This paradox, called Carrier’s constraint, is a major limiting factor in the evolution of high-performance faculties, and the evolution of anatomical and physiological specializations that circumvent it characterize most major amniote groups. Serendipitous combinations have resulted in evolutionary cascades and high-performance groups such as birds and mammals. Complementing evolution are the capacities for acclimatization and adaptation not only in the structure and function of the gas exchanger, but also in the control of breathing and the composition of the blood.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124680233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Respiratory faculties of aquatic invertebrates","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of respiratory organs for major water-breathing invertebrate groups. It begins with sponges and cnidarians—groups that have no recognizable respiratory faculty—and continues through the bilaterian lineage, pointing out how bits and pieces of a respiratory faculty accumulate. The most complex respiratory faculties are found in molluscs and arthropods, which consequently make up the bulk of this chapter. Aside from the ancestral aquatic respiration, this chapter furthermore explains how also within some terrestrial (air-breathing) groups such as arachnids and insects, mechanisms that allow lone—even permanent—stays under water have secondarily arisen.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123851848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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