{"title":"The evolution of water-breathing respiratory faculties in craniotes","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The major components of the respiratory faculty (gill structure, muscular ventilation, central heart and erythrocyte-containing blood, and pH-sensitive control of breathing) appear to have been present in craniotes from the very beginning. But the details are so different in the most basally radiating group, hagfish, corroborating that they separated very early from the stem line. In the other groups, progressive changes are seen in the structure of the gills, heart, haemoglobin, as well as in the control of breathing. In particular, a major and progressive change in gill structure is seen when comparing sharks to teleosts, with several intermediary forms realized.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127169139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coping with extremes","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The vast majority of humans live at altitudes where respiration usually appears to ‘come for free’. However, high altitudes as well as diving teach us that there is no such thing as a free lunch. Hypoxia probably is one of the most common critical factors that animals can endure, be it only for short periods, which include processes called acclimatization, or permanently, which requires specific adaptations. This chapter looks at some of the ways of living under extreme conditions such as high altitude and diving in a wide variety of invertebrate and craniote groups, including us humans. The chapter also discusses other extreme conditions such as heat or cold and how the organisms deal with this in order to keep their respiration going.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134264811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Control of breathing in craniotes","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Craniote gills are arranged sequentially along the pharynx and accordingly are ventilated from anterior to posterior by a wave of muscle contraction, beginning with the mouth. Each gill pair appears to have its own set of neurons in the brainstem that coordinate the muscle activity and stimulate the next gill pair in the sequence. This system appears to have been maintained from hagfish to teleosts. In tetrapods, on the other hand, various centres in the brainstem coordinate different phases of breathing: expiration, inspiration, and post-inspiration. The location of these centres in the brainstem is similar in amphibians and mammals. The stimulus for regulating ventilatory frequency in water-breathing species is oxygen, whereas for air-breathing species it is blood pH/PCO2—just as in invertebrates.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125397050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The bottom line","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter summarizes the most important aspects of the entire book. Writing an abstract of a summary can result in a ‘bouillon cube’ of information that is nearly incomprehensible, so this sticks to the most far-reaching observations and conclusions. The structure–function unit referred to here as the respiratory faculty did not just suddenly appear, but rather bits and pieces of it are recognizable even in most basally branching metazoan lineages. The use of mitochondria in an aerobic atmosphere to produce large amounts of energy-carrying molecules precipitated a kind of arms race, whereby the individuals that could compete better for food sources or become predatory could become part of an evolutionary cascade. These new animals moved into another realm, but the old ones did not necessarily disappear: they just did what they always did, maybe a little better. In the most diverse lineages of invertebrates and craniotes we see similar changes appearing: gills with counter-current exchange, highly specialized oxygen-carrying proteins, a partly or completely closed circulatory system that includes the gas exchange organs, lungs. The more extreme the grounds for specialization, the more similar are these structures and functions. Often the functional result remains unchanged or becomes improved while the anatomical cause changes dramatically, but just as often structures change little but minor functions become major ones: a phenomenon called exaptation. This book has looked at most major animal groups and these principles turn up everywhere. It talks about multidimensional forces at work in a multidimensional world, and respiration is the keystone to it all.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123051700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Respiratory faculties of aquatic craniotes","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of water-breathing respiratory faculties for craniotes. A branchial basket and a ventral heart or hearts that perfuse the branchial region with deoxygenated internal fluid is part of the bauplan of all chordates, including craniotes. Cilia ventilate the branchial region of extant non-craniote chordates, which are also predominantly sessile or planktonic filter feeders. In craniotes, the gills are the main gas exchange organs. They are ventilated by muscular activity and perfused with blood that contains haemoglobin in erythrocytes and flows in the opposite direction to the ventilated water (counter-current model). In spite of major differences in the structure of gills and the ventilatory apparatus among jawless craniotes, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish, the basic push–pull, constant, unidirectional flow respiratory mechanism remains unchanged (of course, with a few notable exceptions). In addition, both the blood and the structure of the gills may reflect adaptations of the respiratory faculty to habitual living conditions.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121240551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The evolution of water-breathing respiratory faculties in invertebrates","authors":"S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199238460.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter aims at piecing together the evolution of water breathing in invertebrates. Dedicated respiratory faculties, consisting of an external exchanger, an internal transport system (circulatory system or an equivalent), and some control element are first clearly recognizable among invertebrates in annelids, which excel in the number of different respiratory proteins they display. Molluscs and arthropods use primarily haemocyanin, each group showing evolutionary trends in respiratory proteins that have some bearing on the phylogenetic position. Each major group of molluscs has its own evolutionary story, but in general we see a reduction in the number of gills and often a release from bilateral symmetry. Among arthropods, crustaceans can develop gills on various parts of the legs and the body wall, each group showing a taxon-specific type. Arachnids and hexapods are primarily terrestrial, but several groups have independently and secondarily developed mechanisms for even long-term survival under water.","PeriodicalId":423591,"journal":{"name":"Respiratory Biology of Animals","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122702244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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