颅形动物呼吸空气功能的进化

S. Perry, M. Lambertz, A. Schmitz
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引用次数: 0

摘要

肺来自鱼鳔,鱼鳔来自肺,或两者都来自一个相对未分化的呼吸咽部仍未解决。一旦存在,肺部可以通过正压口腔泵进行通气,这可以很容易地从肺鱼的鳃通气序列中得到,或者通过负压吸入。虽然吸入性呼吸是羊膜动物的特征,但在肺鱼中也观察到它,甚至在七鳃鳗幼虫中也报道了对呼吸刺激的体壁肌肉收缩。在大多数羊膜动物中,当呼吸需求最大时,用于吸气呼吸的下轴体壁肌肉组织也是运动所必需的。这种悖论被称为Carrier’s constraint,它是高性能能力进化的主要限制因素,而规避它的解剖和生理特化的进化是大多数主要羊膜群的特征。偶然的组合导致了进化级联和高性能群体,如鸟类和哺乳动物。与进化相辅相成的是适应和适应的能力,不仅在气体交换器的结构和功能上,而且在呼吸和血液成分的控制上。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
The evolution of air-breathing respiratory faculties in craniotes
The origin of lungs from a swim bladder, swim bladder from lungs, or both from a relatively undifferentiated respiratory pharynx remains unresolved. Once present, the lungs can be ventilated by a positive-pressure buccal pump, which can be easily derived from the gill ventilation sequence in a lungfish, or by negative-pressure aspiration. Although aspiration breathing is characteristic of amniotes, it has also been observed in a lungfish and body wall muscle contraction in response to respiratory stimuli has even been reported in lamprey larvae. The hypaxial body wall musculature used for aspiration breathing is also necessary for locomotion in most amniotes, just when respiratory demand is greatest. This paradox, called Carrier’s constraint, is a major limiting factor in the evolution of high-performance faculties, and the evolution of anatomical and physiological specializations that circumvent it characterize most major amniote groups. Serendipitous combinations have resulted in evolutionary cascades and high-performance groups such as birds and mammals. Complementing evolution are the capacities for acclimatization and adaptation not only in the structure and function of the gas exchanger, but also in the control of breathing and the composition of the blood.
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