Punyam Rajendran Sai Sasidhar , Alemayehu Gebremedhin , Ian Norheim
{"title":"Multi-energy microgrid design and the role of coupling components—A review","authors":"Punyam Rajendran Sai Sasidhar , Alemayehu Gebremedhin , Ian Norheim","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To create an eco-friendly and sustainable energy system, there is a requirement to decrease emissions and energy wastage across the electricity, transportation, and thermal sectors. As energy demands and consumption patterns are diverse, efficient systems such as multi-energy microgrids are pioneered to increase renewable penetration, reliability, resilience, and energy efficiency. However, the design and analysis are challenging because of intermittent renewable generation, high investment costs, robust network coupling, and dynamic load characteristics. This review examines the portfolio of components found in a multi-energy microgrid, particularly to meet electrical and heating loads. Additionally, this review analyzes the current modeling approaches for the components and their application in the planning, energy management, and control framework. The findings from this analysis highlight significant challenges and potential strategies to consider when designing multi-energy microgrids to support United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 7, 11 and 13, which target clean, accessible, affordable, and low-emission energy systems.</div><div>One critical insight from this study is the additional flexibility and efficient renewable integration enabled by installing coupling components such as combined heat and power plants, electric heat pumps, and electric boilers. It was identified that the model accuracy of multi-energy microgrid components, particularly renewables, and interaction between the electrical and heating networks significantly impact the planning and operation of the multi-energy microgrids. In addition, emerging technologies such as fuel cells and electric vehicles and innovative solutions such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and cybersecurity were discussed to improve multi-energy microgrid operation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 115540"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vincent F. Yu , Thi Huynh Anh Le , Jatinder N.D. Gupta
{"title":"Sustainable microgrids design with uncertainties and blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading","authors":"Vincent F. Yu , Thi Huynh Anh Le , Jatinder N.D. Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115600","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115600","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A sustainable microgrid based on renewable energy (RNE) sources is a useful solution to reduce the environmental impact and meet customer demand as it offers advantages on the goals related to the economy, environment, and society. Several previous studies have applied peer-to-peer energy trading (P2P-ET) as a feasible solution to reduce the power loss during power supply over long distances. Due to the intermittent nature of RNE sources and demand load, it is challenging to control and manage the operation and distribution of microgrids in P2P-ET. However, the availability and the number of other nearby microgrids needed to connect to microgrids through electric cables in P2P-ET and the mechanisms to manage and balance the power between supply and demand have not been investigated in the current literature. Therefore, this paper examines the sustainable microgrid design problem with P2P-ET under blockchain application, time value of money, elasticity coefficient of demand, and uncertainties to maximize overall earnings and minimize the collective environmental expenses while meeting customer demand. The two-phase stochastic programming is integrated with fuzzy probabilistic programming to determine the quantity, site, type of RNE, and capacity of renewable distributed generation units, the quantity of other nearby microgrids and electric cables required for connection in the P2P-ET, the electricity flows, and dynamic pricing mechanisms. The results demonstrate that the use of the blockchain application in the suggested model increases overall earnings by 14. 75% and reduces collective environmental expenses by 13.25% compared to the case without the blockchain application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 115600"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ahmed M. Bukar , A. Almerbati , S.Z. Shuja , Syed M. Zubair
{"title":"Enhancing solar PV panel performance through active and passive cooling techniques: A comprehensive review","authors":"Ahmed M. Bukar , A. Almerbati , S.Z. Shuja , Syed M. Zubair","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global energy demand has been on the rise due to the increasing population and industrialization. Due to fossil fuels’ contribution to greenhouse gas emissions, the world is undergoing a rapid transition to cleaner energy sources such as solar energy. The energy of the sun is predominantly converted into electrical energy using photovoltaics. However, elevated operating temperature is significantly affecting the PV conversion efficiency. To overcome this challenge, various PV cooling techniques have been developed, encompassing both passive methods and active methods. This work aims to compile a comprehensive review of these cooling techniques, focused on evaluating their effectiveness in PV temperature reduction and enhancement in PV efficiency. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of passive and active cooling methods in achieving an average PV temperature reduction of 15°C. Active air cooling achieved a maximum temperature reduction of 38°C in concentrated PV, while active liquid cooling achieved a maximum temperature reduction of 29°C in non-concentrated PV. Liquid immersion cooling yielded the highest electrical efficiency improvement of 16 %. The identified preference for CPV applications lies in passive heat pipe cooling, active air, and water cooling. Notably, in hot, dry climates, evaporative cooling outperforms air cooling, providing crucial insights for region-specific technology optimization. Liquid immersion emerges as the most suitable technique for hotspot reduction. This review aligns with UN SDG 7 by investigating cooling techniques to enhance solar PV panel efficiency and promote the widespread adoption of clean energy and by exploring strategies to optimize solar PV panel performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 115611"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tao Ding , Xiaoxuan Chen , Ziyong Li , Haichao Liu , Chaoyi Zhu , Tian Zhao , Zhen Li , Yi Zhang , Jianan Yang , Hainan Zhang , Lingyun Hou
{"title":"A review of flow boiling heat transfer: Theories, new methods and emerging applications","authors":"Tao Ding , Xiaoxuan Chen , Ziyong Li , Haichao Liu , Chaoyi Zhu , Tian Zhao , Zhen Li , Yi Zhang , Jianan Yang , Hainan Zhang , Lingyun Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flow boiling heat transfer has the advantage of high heat transfer coefficient, and it has been widely used in industrial applications and has great effect on the energy efficiency of equipment, especially for the situation under extremely high heat flux. The heat transfer mechanism of flow boiling can be divided into nucleate boiling and convective boiling. Because of its complicated mechanism and wide use in industrial applications, the heat transfer between two-phase boiling has become a hot and difficult problem so far. This paper presents a review of flow boiling heat transfer, from classic theories to new methods and industrial applications. This paper introduces the mechanisms of flow boiling heat transfer, especially the understanding of nucleate and convective boiling among studies. Moreover, representative correlations and their application range as well as the recent development of machine learning methods are summarized. Finally, the emerging industrial applications are discussed, including transpiration cooling in aerospace, heat pipes in satellite, data center cooling, immersion cooling for severs and batteries. Future research on flow boiling heat transfer will develop towards extreme heat transfer environments such as cross scale, high heat flux, and high temperature. This paper can help readers obtain a general understanding of the current research, prospects and advanced applications on flow boiling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 115615"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jingyeong Im , Taeho Kwon , Seungho Lee , Donghan Kim , Hyungtae Cho , Wangyun Won , Boram Gu
{"title":"Unveiling the impact of internal structure on boil-off gas generation in moving liquid hydrogen (LH2) transport trailer","authors":"Jingyeong Im , Taeho Kwon , Seungho Lee , Donghan Kim , Hyungtae Cho , Wangyun Won , Boram Gu","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have increased interest in hydrogen as a clean energy source. However, efficient storage and transportation of liquid hydrogen present significant challenges, particularly due to the generation of boil-off gas (BOG) during transit. This study investigated the effectiveness of sloshing-damping structures within cryogenic liquid hydrogen tankers to reduce BOG generation under road transportation conditions. Six tanker configurations––unbaffled, solid baffled, center-holed baffled, porous baffled, ball-filled baffle, and multi-orifice baffled––were analyzed using three-dimensional computational simulations. The simulations utilized a three-step simulation process incorporating stationary initialization, acceleration, and constant-velocity phases to examine the effects of different internal geometries on convective velocities, temperature and pressure distributions, and vapor–liquid interface fluctuations. The results show that the multi-orifice baffled tanker achieves the highest reduction in BOG, yielding a boil-off rate (BOR) up to 44 % compared with other designs. Additionally, baffle ball-filled tankers exhibited unique vaporization patterns. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing tanker designs to ensure stable transit and minimize hydrogen loss. The developed simulation framework can further support hydrogen loss predictions across various transportation scenarios, promoting more efficient hydrogen transport solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"216 ","pages":"Article 115634"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sagar Kafle , Bibek Poudel , Purushottam Gyawali , Dilli Ram Bhattarai , Tri Dev Acharya , Rupesh Acharya , Saurav Dhakal , Prajal Pradhan , Sushil Adhikari
{"title":"Industrial hemp in Nepal: Production and valorization perspectives","authors":"Sagar Kafle , Bibek Poudel , Purushottam Gyawali , Dilli Ram Bhattarai , Tri Dev Acharya , Rupesh Acharya , Saurav Dhakal , Prajal Pradhan , Sushil Adhikari","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the numerous benefits of hemp, it remains prohibited in Nepal, and no prior studies have explored its potential for cultivation, production, and valorization. Considering various land, soil, and climatic parameters, 1.8 million hectares (ha) of suitable land have been identified for hemp production. Taking 10 %, 20 %, and 5 % of the feasible areas from the Terai, Hill, and Mountain regions, respectively, it is estimated that about 3.1–4.6 million tonnes (Mt) of solid fuel, 0.5–0.9 Mt of fiber, and 126–174 million liters of biodiesel can be produced in Nepal. The estimated solid fuel can account for 8.6–12.3 % of the country's total energy demand, while biodiesel can meet 7.3–10.1 % of the diesel consumption. The estimated production cost is USD 3,177/ha, with a cost-benefit ratio of 2.46–4.08, making hemp a profitable alternative crop. Utilizing hemp products could significantly contribute to Nepal's sustainable development goals, particularly goals 1, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, and 15. These novel findings could play a crucial role in advocating for the legalization of hemp cultivation and industrialization in Nepal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 115622"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nagesh Ramaswamy , Bhupendra Joshi , Gangbing Song , Y.L. Mo
{"title":"Repurposing decommissioned wind turbine blades: A circular economy approach to sustainable resource management and infrastructure innovation","authors":"Nagesh Ramaswamy , Bhupendra Joshi , Gangbing Song , Y.L. Mo","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wind energy's rapid growth has led to a significant challenge with decommissioned wind turbine blades (DWTBs), whose complex composite materials are difficult to recycle, and these DWTBs often end up in landfills. This paper proposes a sustainable solution by repurposing DWTBs as structural components for Highway Overhead Sign Structures (OSSs). The high strength-to-weight ratio and durability of DWTBs offer substantial economic, environmental, and structural benefits. Economic analysis shows a 73 % reduction in raw material costs for OSS, with significant savings in steel and concrete. Environmentally, repurposing DWTBs will reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions by 242 tons per 40-foot span structure, supporting global net-zero goals. The feasibility is validated through technical assessments, design adaptations, regulatory considerations, and experimental demonstration. By integrating DWTBs into infrastructure projects, this study advances circular economy practices and provides a viable solution for managing wind turbine blade waste, conservation of resources, and ultimately contributing to sustainable infrastructure development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 115629"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Battery management system for zinc-based flow batteries: A review","authors":"Yijian Zhao , Menglian Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115604","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115604","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zinc-based flow batteries are considered to be ones of the most promising technologies for medium-scale and large-scale energy storage. In order to ensure the safe, efficient, and cost-effective battery operation, and suppress issues such as zinc dendrites, a battery management system is indispensable. While numerous literature reviews have addressed battery management systems, the majority focus on lithium-ion batteries, leaving a gap in the battery management system for zinc-based flow batteries. This study aims to bridge this gap by providing a comprehensive review of the current status in quo and development trends of the battery management system for zinc-based flow batteries. This research begins by introducing the various types of zinc-based flow batteries based on the pH value of the negative electrolyte and elucidating the mechanisms of zinc dendrite formation and side reaction. Additionally, an appropriate model is crucial for achieving accurate and efficient battery state estimation, this study provides an overview of battery models, encompassing equivalent circuit models, electrochemical models, and phase field models. Furthermore, this study delineates the nine essential functions of the battery management system in detail. These functions play a crucial role in achieving operando monitoring and management of the battery. Finally, some challenges and outlooks for future research are presented to serve as references for the continued advancement of the battery management system tailored specifically for zinc-based flow batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 115604"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mingxu Li , Nianpeng He , Li Xu , Xiaoyan Kang , Changhui Peng , Qiuan Zhu , Kerou Zhang , Boming Liang , Jiankun Chen , Lingli Yu , Youbin Deng , Xuanbo Wang , Xuyang Zhang , Huai Chen
{"title":"Ambitious hydropower plans will accelerate greenhouse gases emissions from the Hindu-Kush Himalaya region","authors":"Mingxu Li , Nianpeng He , Li Xu , Xiaoyan Kang , Changhui Peng , Qiuan Zhu , Kerou Zhang , Boming Liang , Jiankun Chen , Lingli Yu , Youbin Deng , Xuanbo Wang , Xuyang Zhang , Huai Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-scale hydropower expansion in the Hindu-Kush Himalaya (HKH) can meet the increasing electricity demand and promote local economic development, but bring new environmental concerns, e.g., a rising dam-induced greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Here, we compiled an open-access database detailing dams (n = 2739) in the HKH region, and estimated their GHG emissions. The results show that the estimated total GHG emissions from the HKH dams are approximately 22.1 Tg CO<sub>2</sub>eq. yr<sup>−1</sup>, and more than 90 % were attributed to the dams under construction or planned. Further analysis suggested that the estimated carbon intensities of HKH dams (median = 38.1 kg CO<sub>2</sub>eq. MWh<sup>−1</sup>) are often comparable with that of other renewable energy sources, while 17.4 % of the hydropower plants are still incompatible with low-carbon goal. Notwithstanding its limitations, this study provides the first estimation of reservoir GHG emissions in the HKH region and contributes to SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) by exploring sustainable energy solutions, and to SDG 13 (Climate Action) by identifying strategies to mitigate the environmental impacts of energy production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 115616"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143680544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liyang Liu , Zequan Li , Haoyu Kang , Yang Xiao , Lu Sun , Hang Zhao , Z.Q. Zhu , Yiming Ma
{"title":"Review of surrogate model assisted multi-objective design optimization of electrical machines: New opportunities and challenges","authors":"Liyang Liu , Zequan Li , Haoyu Kang , Yang Xiao , Lu Sun , Hang Zhao , Z.Q. Zhu , Yiming Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115609","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.rser.2025.115609","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper overviews surrogate model-assisted multi-objective design optimization techniques of electrical machines for efficient, accurate, and robust design optimization to ease design issues due to unprecedentedly increasing machine performance requirements. Firstly, the mechanism of surrogate-assisted modeling is introduced by comparing it with conventional physical modeling approaches. The relevant techniques are then categorized and subsequently reviewed in terms of the design of experiments, surrogate model construction, and multi-objective optimization algorithms. The potential application prospects for machine design optimization are highlighted. Finally, three surrogate-assisted modeling methods, i.e., transfer learning-based models, gradient sampling-based multi-fidelity models, and search space decay-based surrogate models, are quantitively compared by applying them to the design optimization of a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":418,"journal":{"name":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews","volume":"215 ","pages":"Article 115609"},"PeriodicalIF":16.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}