Devices and Methods of Measurements最新文献

{"title":"Backscattering of Ultrasonic Waves as the Basis of the Method of Control of Structure and Physicо-Mechanical Properties of Cast Irons","authors":"A. R. Baev, N. V. Levkovich, E. P. Babuk, M. V. Asadchaya","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-191-198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-191-198","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing the reliability of control of cast iron structure and its physical and mechanical characteristics is an important scientific and technical task of the machine-building industry. The paper studies the possibilities of controlling the structure of cast irons using structural noise created by ultrasonic scattering on graphite inclusions of different shapes. The subject of the present studies was such characteristics of structural noise as amplitude-temporal A ( t ) and as root mean square value of the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves backscattering field A N , compared with the data on ultrasonic velocity and strength or tensile strength of cast iron samples. As a result of the studies, a significant difference between the amplitude parameters of the A N structural noise obtained for samples with different shapes of graphite inclusions at 5 MHz was revealed for the first time. So, for example, for samples of gray cast iron (Russian: СЧ10, СЧ15, СЧ20, СЧ25), having predominantly plate-like form of graphite inclusions, the value of A N on 14–15 dB exceeds that measured in high-strength specimens of the cast iron with the prevailing form of spherical graphite inclusions ВЧ50 (Russian), etc. At the same time growth of longitudinal ultrasonic velocity amounted to 20–25 %. The method of rejection of gray cast iron from high-strength cast iron according to the data of amplitude parameters of structural noise A N at unilateral and local sounding of the object without using an additional reference signal reflected from its oppositional wall is suggested.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134944905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Universal Digital Probe Electrometer for Testing Semiconductor Wafers","authors":"A. L. Zharin, U. A. Mikitsevich, A. I. Svistun, K. U. Pantsialeyeu","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-161-172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-161-172","url":null,"abstract":"Non-contact electrical methods are widely used for research and control of semiconductor wafers. The methods are usually based on surface potential measurement (CPD) in combination with illumination and/or deposition of charges on the sample using a corona discharge, and are also based on the measurement of surface photo-emf. By photo-EMF (SPV) it is possible to determine the lifetime of minor charge carriers, their diffusion length and detect traces of heavy metals on the surface. In addition, using photo-EMF it is possible to determine the surface resistance of the plate, some parameters of the dielectric layer on the surface and barrier photo-EMF (JPV). Electrical performance results reflect the influence of near-surface characteristics on the final performance of devices. The aim of the work was to develop a universal digital probe electrometer that implements various non-contact electrical methods for analyzing semiconductor wafers, in which the change in operating modes and configuration, transmission of the received data, remote testing and calibration are carried out via digital local control channels. This paper describes a universal digital probe electrometer developed by the authors, which implements the above-described non-contact electrical methods for analyzing semiconductor wafers (CPD, SPV and JPV), in which the change in operating modes and configuration, transmission of the received data, remote testing and calibration are carried out via digital local control channels. Due to their high speed, electrical characterization methods are suitable for inspecting semiconductor wafers during production. The results of testing the developed probe electrometer in CPD, SPV and JPV modes are presented, which reflect the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135546666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the Thermal Diffusivity Standard for the Heat Transfer Parameter Control in Absorbing Materials","authors":"E. V. Ivakin","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-173-178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-173-178","url":null,"abstract":"Metrological support creation and use of heat transfer etalons are important stages in the development of modern materials science. This is especially concerned to the emergence of new materials in the world with previously unattainable thermophysical parameters. The purpose of this work was to develop and experimentally verify the idea of joint application of the transient gratings method which is well-known in nonlinear optics and the single thermal diffusivity etalon of conventional type for the heat transfer metrological control in materials of a wide values range. The method proposed is based on thermal diffusivity etalon application as a source of calibrated optical signals that are excited in it by short laser pulses. Their lifetime is formed by the etalon thermal diffusivity and on the transient grating spatial period. The etalon linear graph of gratings lifetimes as a function of the gratings periods squared and grating lifetime of the material under study are used for the thermal diffusivity calculation. Thermal diffusivity of thin sub-surface layers of the samples under study – duraluminium, monocrystalline silicon and thermoelectric lead telluride film was measured. The results obtained are in close agreement with the reference values.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135546037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Possibility of Using Medical Linear Electron Accelerators as a Source of the Reference Pulsed Photon Radiation Field","authors":"A. A. Zaharadniuk, A. Y. Taraev, S. V. Lazarenko","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-179-190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-3-179-190","url":null,"abstract":"Sources of pulsed photon radiation are widely used in science and industry. In this regard, there is a growing demand for dosimetry instruments capable of operating in these pulsed photon radiation fields. Until now there is no comprehensive methodology that describes the characteristics of reference fields of pulsed photon radiation required for calibration and verification of dosimetry equipment. The aim of this paper was to study the possibility of using a medical linear electron accelerator as a generating source of a reference pulsed photon radiation field. The paper investigates main characteristics of photon radiation field (namely, spectrum and average energy) generated by CLINAC in two modes of operation: 6 MV and 18 MV. Additionally it researches the possibility of attenuation of the CLINAC photon radiation intensity by a lead filter. The spectrum and average energy of the CLINAC photon radiation were calculated by means of Monte Carlo simulation in the Fluka program. The validation of the calculation was determined by comparing the attenuation coefficients calculated by the model with ones obtained experimentally by using real CLINACs. Experimentally, the attenuation coefficients were obtained by measuring the air kerma rate generated by the photon radiation fields of Varian VitalBeam and Varian iX CLINACs at a given point of space. Based on the simulation results, the Ḣ *(10) ambient dose equivalent ratio generated by CLINACs were calculated. It was found that the lead filter effectively attenuates the CLINAC photon radiation in terms of both air kerma rate and ambient dose equivalent rate to levels suitable for calibration of dosimetry equipment designed to measure pulsed radiation. It is shown that the lead filter significantly affects both the photon spectrum of the CLINAC and its average energy.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"468 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135546674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodology for Determining the Effective Thickness of the Cemented Layer of Steel","authors":"S. G. Sandomirski, A. L. Val’ko, Sergej P. Rudenko, Сергей Сандомирский, А.Л. Валько, С.П. Руденко","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-145-151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-145-151","url":null,"abstract":"Highly loaded transmission gears are cemented and hardened. An important parameter of the hardened cemented layer is its effective thickness hef . Metal banding and the unavoidable instrumental error in hardness measuring have a great influence on the reliability of hef determination. The purpose of this article was to develop a methodology to improve the reliability of determining of the effective thickness hef of the hardened layer in steel after carburizing and quenching.The value of hef is the distance h from the surface of the product to the hardness zone of 50 HRC. The article substantiates that approximation of hardness change from the distance h to the product surface will allow to obtain a more reliable dependence of hardness change in the investigated area when making hardness measurements in a wider range of distance h. Therefore, to increase the reliability of hef determination, results of the HV0.5 hardness measurement in an extended range of changes in h in the vicinity of the analyzed zone were used. The HV0.5 measurement results are converted to HRC hardness values using the formula recommended by the international standard. The HRC(h) distribution of HRC hardness values in the measurement area is interpolated by a second-degree polynomial which physically correctly reflects the change in metal hardness in the analyzed area. The resulting polynomial is used to determine of the distance hef at which the hardness takes on a value of 50 HRC. The methodology was used to determine the hef of an 18KhGT steel gear wheel after carburizing and quenching. It is shown that results of two independent measurements of the hef sample differ from each other by 0.003 mm. This is significantly less than the permissible error of 0.02 mm of the hef determination according to the standard technique. The error of hef determination is reduced by extending the range of variation of h and statistically valid interpolation of the monotonic change in hardness with the distance from the surface of the item in the measurement area. The developed method of determining the effective thickness hef of the hardened steel layer consists in determining the distribution of its hardness in the expanded vicinity of the hef area, approximating the obtained dependence by a polynomial of the second degree and solving the square equation obtained with its use. The technique provides a significant reduction in the influence of the structural banding of the metal and the inevitable error in measuring hardness on the result of determining the hef . Its application will allow to optimize the cementation regimes of gear wheels to increase their service life.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87884449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surface Electric Potential Measurement with a Static Probe","authors":"R. Vorobey, O. Gusev, A. Zharin, V. A. Mikitsevich, K. Pantsialeyeu, A. V. Samarina, A. Svistun, A. Tyavlovsky, K. Tyavlovsky","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-135-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-135-144","url":null,"abstract":"Surface electric potential measurements are widely used in non-destructive inspection and testing of precision surfaces, for example, in the production of semiconductor devices and integrated circuits. Features of the construction and application of devices for measuring the surface electric potential using an immovable reference electrode are considered. Despite the need to increase the area of the probe compared to devices with a vibrating probe, measurement techniques with an immovable probe have a number of advantages and could expand the scope of surface electric potential measurements in the inspection of samples with precise surfaces. Models of the formation of a measuring signal in the presence of a spatial inhomogeneity of surface electric potential are presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91334138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of Electrical Machines’ State by Measuring the Interturn Resistance in Its Windings","authors":"A. V. Isaev, U. V. Suchodolov, K. A. Lyubinsky, A. Golubovich","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-126-134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-126-134","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnostic methods applied in the industry do not allow to control the state of electrical machines windings in working condition and to fix the defect formation in them at the early stages of development. The aim of the work was to develop a method and construct a device that allows measuring interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings without the need to remove it from the technological process, and thereby assess its current and future performance.A block diagram of a device for measuring of interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings has been developed, a method has been described, and an algorithm for carrying out diagnostic procedures has been developed. Also, as a result of the study, mathematical dependencies were determined that characterize the main operations performed by the device and a mathematical model was developed for obtaining of the interturn resistance value in the diagnosed windings from the value of the measured phase difference for the AIR63V4U3 asynchronous motor.The developed method and a device based on it allow measuring interturn resistances in the electrical machines’ windings without the need to remove it from the technological process and fix the beginning of defect formation, and, thereby, evaluate its current and future performance in real time. ","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90260058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"X-ray Diffraction Method in the Study of a Metal Surface Stress State Under Static and Impact Deformation","authors":"A. Kren, M. Delendik, O. Matsulevich, O. Gusev, K. Pantsialeyeu, R. Vorobey","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-115-125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-115-125","url":null,"abstract":"Study of the stress field in a plastic imprint and around it is of great practical importance. Processes similar to indentation are used in shot blasting to harden the surface of materials and generate compressive stresses in the surface layers. The purpose of this work was to study the change in the stress-strain state in the area of the plastic imprint with increasing load, in the transition from small to large deformations, as well as to study the change in stress at different strain rates.X-ray diffraction method was used to study the field of residual stresses generated on the surface of a plastically deformed region – in the zone of an imprint formed when a spherical indenter is pressed into the metal. An analysis of the change in the stress distribution with increasing load in the range of plastic imprint depths of 10–60 µm for steels and aluminum was made. Influence of the loading rate on the change in the values of residual stresses under normal contact of colliding bodies was studied. It is shown that the stress distribution has a complex character with areas of compression and tension of the metal and is determined by the ratio of the indentation depth to its diameter.The obtained experimental data make it possible to determine the choice of optimal modes of shot blasting, including for increasing the endurance limit of products.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90321470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Fresnel Lenses in LED Sources of Local Illumination to Оptimize the Distribution of Illumination of the Working Plane","authors":"P. Bogdan, E. Zaytseva, I. A. Kovalenok, T. D. Tarasenko, E. V. Duboysky, Зайцева Е.Г Белорусский, П.С. Богдан, Е.Г. Зайцева, И.А. Ковалёнок, Т.Д. Тарасенко, Е.В. Дубойский","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-96-105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-96-105","url":null,"abstract":"For widely used LED sources there is a sharp decrease in the illumination of the working plane from the center to the edge. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of Fresnel lenses usage as a fairly simple and technological element to increase the uniformity of illumination created by LED lamps of local lighting.A method has been developed for calculating of the distribution of illumination created by the combination of “LED matrix – Fresnel lens” when the distance between the lens and the matrix is less than the focal length of the lens. Comparison of the calculation results and experiments for the case when the lens is located at a distance of 50 cm from the working plane indicates the correctness of the developed calculation method. This made it possible to use this technique to solve the problem of improved uniformity of illumination distribution in the working plane of local lighting LED sources.It was found that the change in the distance between the matrix and the lens in the range of 0.5–1.5 cm affects the maximum illumination and its uniformity to a lesser extent than the change in focal lengths in the range of 10–100 cm. Analytical dependences of the uniformity of the working surface illumination as a function of the Fresnel lens focal length and its distance to the LED matrix were obtained for three cases. In the first case one lens is used for the entire matrix while the axes of symmetry of the light intensity curves of LEDs are parallel to the axis of the lens. In the second case one lens is also used for the entire matrix, but the continuations of the axes of symmetry of the light intensity curves pass through the front focus of the lens. In the third one an individual Fresnel lens is used for each LED. It is established that for all three cases dependencies have almost the same character. Therefore, the choice of using one of these three options may be due to manufacturability, cost-effectiveness, thermal stability, and other considerations.Calculations using the above-mentioned analytical dependences made it possible to determine values of the parameters of the “LED matrix – Fresnel lens” system at which the indicators of illumination and uniformity meet the standards’ requirements.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81826054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Project of an Autonomous Microboat with a Laser Device for Estimation of Water Area Pollution by Microplastic","authors":"V. Alekseev, S. I. Yuran, M. R. Zaripov, V. Usoltsev","doi":"10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-106-114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2023-14-2-106-114","url":null,"abstract":"Water area pollution by microplastic particles smaller than 5 mm is a serious environmental problem. Usually, studies of water pollution are carried out by taking water samples with their further analysis in the laboratory. Therefore, study of the water areas for the presence of plastic with the identification of extensive pollution sites in real time is actual.The project of an autonomous unmanned research vehicle operating in water area and transferring the research data to the information processing center is discussed in the article. The device produces laser probing of the aquatic environment to detect polyethylene microparticles and to build maps of pollution sites in the studied water area.To implement the proposed project, the following tasks are solved:detection of plastic microparticles in the studied volume of the water environment where particle sizes are several orders of magnitude smaller than the studied water volume;identification of microparticles in presence of particles of other types of substances in the investigated water environment volume;estimation of the number particles’ in the studied water environmentA new approach which consists in creating an autonomous microboat that explores the water area along a route set from a control center located on the shore is proposed. The study involves the detection of microparticles in a certain volume of liquid flowing through a research tube installed in the bottom of the boat. There is a Schauberger tube in the central part of which particles are concentrated inside the tube. It makes possible to search for particles by laser probing with a wavelength about 3.5 μm, on which the peak absorption of light by polyethylene many times exceeds the water absorption.To ensure the energy efficiency of the microboat it is proposed to use a scheme for laser pulses combining using a fiber-optic delay line. This makes it possible to reduce the power consumption of the laser by almost an order of magnitude. The proposed project of the boat will make it possible to conduct studies of large water areas with the detection of plastic microparticles’ pollution sites. Examples of the used optical fiber, photodetector and laser source for the problem being solved are derived in the article.","PeriodicalId":41798,"journal":{"name":"Devices and Methods of Measurements","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84034938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}