{"title":"Grade repetition: A comparative study of academic and non-academic consequences","authors":"Miyako Ikeda, Emma García","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-2013-5K3W65MX3HNX","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-2013-5K3W65MX3HNX","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores country-by-country differences in academic performance and attitudes towards school between students who repeated a grade in primary school, in secondary school or never repeated a grade. The analyses use PISA 2009 for 30 countries in which a relatively high proportion of students repeated a grade before the age of 15. The comparisons across countries and the examination of models of both academic and non-academic performance contribute to shed some light on the consequences of repeating a grade for students. The estimated associations suggest that in most countries examined, at the age of 15, students who repeated a grade in secondary school tend to perform better academically than do students who repeated a grade in primary school, but worse than non-repeaters. In terms of the measure of behavioural performance chosen for this analysis, attitudes towards school, in the majority of countries, non-repeaters tend to report more positive attitudes towards schools than primary and secondary-school repeaters, but the comparison between repeaters in primary and secondary schools shows less consistent patterns across countries. These differences are observed after accounting for background characteristics of the students and exploring some differential relationships between grade repetition and education outcomes according to student characteristics. The achievement and behavioural gaps among groups of repeaters may reflect differences in the development of academic and behavioural skills over the school years, as well as differences in the way these groups of students are treated across different educational systems.","PeriodicalId":416490,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Journal: Economic Studies","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122772137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Structural indicators: A critical review","authors":"D. Furceri, A. Mourougane","doi":"10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-2010-5KMH5XPHHNJJ","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/ECO_STUDIES-2010-5KMH5XPHHNJJ","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews and assesses in terms of availability, reliability and transparency, existing policy and outcome indicators that have been found to be linked both directly and indirectly to economic growth and living standards. Indicators aiming at capturing the political and social situation of countries, as well as governance-related issues, are examined (e.g., political system, political stability, corruption, crime and violence). Topics also include product and labour markets, infrastructure, trade, financial indicators and composite indices of reform.","PeriodicalId":416490,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Journal: Economic Studies","volume":"172 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127020733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Can Pro-growth Policies Lift all Boats?","authors":"O. Causa, A. Serres, Nicolás Ruiz","doi":"10.1787/5JXRH8DH5WG7-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/5JXRH8DH5WG7-EN","url":null,"abstract":"In a majority of OECD countries, GDP growth over the past three decades has been associated with growing income disparities. To shed some lights on the potential sources of trade-offs between growth and equity, this paper investigates the long-run impact of structural reforms on GDP per capita and household income distribution. Pro-growth reforms can be distinguished according to whether they are found to generate an increase or a reduction in household disposable income inequality. Those that contribute to reduce inequality include the reduction in regulatory barriers to competition, trade and FDI, as well as the stepping-up in job search assistance and training programmes. Conversely, a tightening of unemployment benefits for the long-term unemployed is found to lift mean household income but to lower income among poorer households, thus raising inequality. Several other reforms have no significant impact on income distribution.","PeriodicalId":416490,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Journal: Economic Studies","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114980281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmental Policies and Productivity Growth","authors":"T. Kózluk, Vera Zipperer","doi":"10.1787/5K3W725LHGF6-EN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1787/5K3W725LHGF6-EN","url":null,"abstract":"The economic effects of environmental policies are of central interest to policymakers. The traditional\u0000approach sees environmental policies as a burden on economic activity, at least in the short to medium\u0000term, as they raise costs without increasing output and restrict the set of production technologies and\u0000outputs. In contrast, the Porter Hypothesis claims that well-designed environmental policies can provide a\u0000‘free lunch’ – encouraging innovation, bringing about gains in profitability and productivity that can\u0000outweigh the costs of the policy. This paper reviews the empirical evidence on the link between\u0000environmental policy stringency and productivity growth, and the various channels through which such\u0000effects can take place. The results are ambiguous, in particular as many of the studies are fragile and\u0000context-specific, impeding the generalisation of conclusions. Practical problems related to data,\u0000measurement and estimation strategies are discussed, leading to suggestions how they can be addressed in\u0000future research. These include: improving the measurement of environmental policy stringency;\u0000investigating into effects of different types of instruments and details of instrument design; exploiting\u0000cross-country variation; and the complementary use of different levels of aggregation.","PeriodicalId":416490,"journal":{"name":"Oecd Journal: Economic Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123620822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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