{"title":"Japanese Sign Language","authors":"Norie Oka","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese Sign Language (JSL or Nihon Shuwa) is an indigenous language of deaf people in Japan. It has regional dialects, generational and stylistic varieties. The lexico-grammatical structure of JSL shares similarities—and some mutual intelligibility—with the sign languages of Taiwan and Korea. JSL developed when deaf people started to form communities following the establishment of deaf schools in Japan in the 1880s. However, the use of sign language was not approved in deaf schools until the 1980s. In 2016, 31,000 persons out of 341,000 persons with hearing disabilities in Japan used signed language for daily communication. There are numerous non-deaf users of JSL as a first language, such as children of deaf adults (CODA). With the increase in the number of people undergoing cochlear implantation, the number of students in deaf schools is decreasing along with the number of native JSL signers.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"332 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133368109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Latin and Sanskrit","authors":"J. Maher","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Neo-Latin (post-Renaissance Latin) has played a significant role in scholarly fields in Japan such as medicine, botany, zoology, and astronomy. The first speakers of Latin arrived with the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier in 1549. Classical Latin is studied in universities, theological seminaries, and academic societies. Church Latin is found in Catholic liturgy and secular music. A macaronic form of crypto-Latin was used in the recitation of Medieval Latin prayers—orasho—by underground Christian communities in Kyushu whereby Latin mediated memory, sacred space, and solidarity. Sanskrit is a symbol of Japan’s earliest transcultural ties with Asia. Priests in Nara communicated in Japanese and Sanskrit with Indian scholar-monks in 750. The copying of mantra and reading of sutras in the Siddhaṃ script is variously practised in the esoteric schools of Shingon Buddhism and Tendai. In the religious landscape, Siddhaṃ, a devotional script, is displayed in Buddhist temple inscriptions.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"6 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132273786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chinese","authors":"Jie Shi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The inseparable relationship between Japan and China spans 1,400 years from the kentoshi (official envoys from Japan to China) and kanbun kyoiku (漢文教育)—the study of ancient Chinese literary works, an essential part of the Japanese school curriculum. An increasing population of Chinese residents and visitors signifies a cultural ‘tilt’ towards Chinese in Japanese society. The linguistic landscape includes multilingual signs, public information, Chinese language manuals and restaurant menus, and Chinatowns (Yokohama, Kobe, Nagasaki). There is dialectal and generational language variation in the bilingual Huaqiao 華僑(overseas Chinese) community. Heritage language maintenance is a major concern. Newcomer parents mostly abandon teaching Chinese to their children. The boom in Chinese language learning worldwide has led to numerous standardized proficiency tests; half a million students are engaged in Chinese language study in 86% of all Japanese universities.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125059392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Filipino","authors":"Sachi Takahata","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0015","url":null,"abstract":"Filipino is the national language of the Republic of the Philippines and an official language, with English. Filipino has 150 million native speakers worldwide, including Japan, which hosts the third largest community of Filipino emigrants, more than 260,000, after the USA and Canada. Due to frequent mobility and intermarriage, many ethnically mixed children were raised in the Philippines with Filipino as a mother tongue. In Japanese public schools, Filipino is a widely used foreign language by children who need special education in the Japanese language. As a major migrant language in Japan, there is increasing demand for the training of bilingual interpreters and translators. There is a vibrant Filipino culture of ethnic media and social networking with Catholic churches, a focal point of linguistic and cultural contact. Filipino is rarely employed or transmitted as a home language in Japanese households.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116064610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Urdu and Hindi","authors":"Rika Yamashita","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Urdu and Hindi boast a large number of speakers worldwide—almost 800 million—even though they are not the working languages of international organizations. British Indian merchants established businesses in Japan in the late 19th century and left a significant mark in the urban cultures of Kobe and Yokohama. Their independent spirit remains in the Indian and Pakistani communities of modern Japan, which are active in business, political, religious, and educational spheres. Along with English, Urdu and Hindi are still a lingua franca among South Asians in Japan who may have different linguistic backgrounds. From fashion and food to Bollywood films, South Asian culture is popular among local Japanese, and its acceptance is supported by a relatively strong presence of South Asian studies in Japanese higher education.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128490985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Japanese in the world","authors":"Kazuko Matsumoto","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The genesis and trajectories of Japanese diaspora communities around the world reflect the history of international population movement, cultural and educational orientation, and the language situations of those communities. The diversity of Japanese communities ranges from the older sites of migrant labour diaspora in North and South America and the Pacific—with the disappearance of their historic nihon machi in Southeast Asia—to the shrinkage of colonial Japanese speech communities in the northwest Pacific. It ranges from the modern lifestyle communities of permanent and long-term residents in European cities like Düsseldorf and Paris, to the social fluidities of kikokushijo and reverse-migration of Nikkei. These communities—historic and contemporary—encompass numerous themes in the study of the sociology of the language and sociolinguistics: lingua francas, diglossia, bilingualism, code-switching, heritage language education, borrowing, mixed varieties, ethnolects, and koineization. The global increase in Japanese language education suggests new transnational communities of heritage and foreign language learners.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124395111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Russian","authors":"P. Podalko","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Russian is a world language, widely used on the Eurasian continent and with a historic role in Japan. Maritime and cultural contacts in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the production of Russian dictionaries and grammars. Interest in Russian language and literature was propelled by the influx of ‘White Russian’ émigrés in the early 20th century, to Tokyo-Yokohama and Kobe. Russian influenced language reform and literary style in modern Japan. The teaching of Russian in Japan is conducted in universities, Orthodox Church schools, the broadcasting media, a Russian school in Tokyo, and a Russian-medium university. Russian has served as a commercial ‘lingua franca’ in the Hokuriku region and in Hokkaido as a tourist language, featuring in public signage. The Russian speech community comprises residents of numerous nationalities including Russian and post-Soviet states. Russian language maintenance is a pressing issue among bilingual children of international households.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"117 7-8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1963-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114133528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：