{"title":"Language communities of the Northern Ryukyus","authors":"Patrick Heinrich","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The Ryukyu Islands are a culturally diverse region with a distinctive identity comprising numerous languages and dialects. Northern Ryukyuan languages are a branch of the wider group of Ryukyuan languages（Ryūkyū shogo) that are indigenous to Japan. The identification of languages within the dialect continuum is complex. The language vitality of the Kunigami language and the Okinawan language is higher than of the Amami language. However, all languages remain in decline ten years after their recognition as ‘endangered languages’ by UNESCO. Language education is a concern. Grassroots activities have sprung up and public attitudes are favourable towards the maintenance and revitalization of Northern Ryukyuan languages. Nevertheless, a laissez-faire attitude prevails on the side of local government. More engagement is needed to prevent Northern Ryukyuan languages becoming obsolete by 2050. Language and educational policies must closely reflect the desire for maintenance in the Northern Ryukyuan Archipelago.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126304610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Esperanto","authors":"G. Kimura, Gotoo Hitosi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Esperanto is unique among the languages in Japan, which has been a major centre of the Esperanto movement since the start of the 20th century. Esperanto has been adopted by many learners as a language of additional identification. It has a dynamic community of users and it provides a forum for dialogue among people with various social, political, and religious backgrounds. Esperanto serves practical purposes and is not merely a utopian idea. Though Esperanto has lost its pioneering role as one of Japan’s bridges to the world, information technology, providing new possibilities and a social climate that accepts diversity, has created favourable conditions for further development.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114286336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ainu","authors":"H. Shiraishi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Ainu is an indigenous, urban/rural language with numerous dialects, located mostly on Japan’s northern island of Hokkaido. There is no clear diachronic grouping of Ainu with other languages. Ainu is traditionally an oral culture: literacy in Ainu by Ainu began in the nineteenth century through Anglican mission schools. Awareness of Ainu is increasing in Japanese society with the naming of commercial facilities and as a motif in pop subculture. Ainu language ceremonies and commemorative rituals are held regularly and Ainu is studied and taught in several higher education institutions in Japan. Despite political innovation, discrimination against the Ainu is deeply rooted. Governmental recognition of Ainu culture as ‘Important Intangible Folk Property’ and other official measures coincided with a vibrant and ongoing cultural revival movement.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"351 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115974870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Language communities of the Southern Ryukyus","authors":"Sachiyo Fujita-Round","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Miyakoan, Yaeyaman, and Dunan (Yonaguni) languages are spoken in the Southern Ryukyu, Okinawa prefecture, the southernmost prefecture of Japan. These vernacular languages are labelled as the endangered languages of Japan. This endangerment articulates Japanese modern history when the Ryukyuan Islands were incorporated under the control of Japan in 1879 when the language assimilation into Japanese by the central government started. In the 21st century in Japan, UNESCO’s alert made an impact and internationally acknowledged ‘endangered languages’ raised the attention and awareness. How to make this awareness sustainable both at the research and local level and bring their efforts to the policy level will be the next challenge for the language revitalization for the Southern Ryukyu.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116434737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Spanish","authors":"D. Quintero","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish has a global projection in terms of demographic presence, as well as to transnational, cultural, human, economic, and social value. How have historical and socio-economic parameters coalesced in the Asian-Pacific, and more specifically within Japan? The Spanish-speaking community in Japan is heterogeneous, linguistically and by national background. It includes the most numerous, e.g. ethnically Japanese-descended migrants, Nikkeijin but also others such as ethnically non-Japanese migrants, Japanese returnees, and students that hold Spanish as a L2 in Japan. Spanish is typically the language of blue-collar factory workers. Spanish is widely taught in language schools, in some secondary schools for children of Latin American heritage and in higher education supported by professional associations. Spanish is found in the Internet and print media as well as the language of (Catholic) church worship. There is widespread code-switching and mixing among long-term residents.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132283853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Dutch and German","authors":"F. Coulmas","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"European scientific knowledge entered Japan through Dutch translations of Latin, French, and German texts subsequently translated into Japanese. Dutch rapidly became a transfer or ‘mediator’ language, the most important foreign language aside from Chinese, stimulating wider interest in European scholarship as rangaku (‘Dutch learning’ or ‘Western learning’) schools opened in Nagasaki, Osaka, and Edo. As Japan embarked on modernization, it granted German a prominent position adopting from German linguistic culture the notion of a ‘national language’ (kokugo), which favoured monolingualism. In Japanese medicine, German was a prominent language of instruction and publication. The German impact on Japanese law remains strong and German is still an important language for Japanese legal scholars. German as a foreign language is studied at numerous universities.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"157 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115329691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vietnamese","authors":"M. Adachi","doi":"10.4324/9780203301524-48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203301524-48","url":null,"abstract":"Transnational cultural flows between Vietnam and Japan predate Japan’s occupation of Vietnam in 1940 and the Indo-Chinese refugee wave following the Vietnam War. Vietnamese refugees arrived in Kanto and Kansai in the late 1970s. The L1 of the second generation is shifting from Vietnamese to Japanese. Today there is a stream of students and technical intern trainees who speak Vietnamese as L1 and Japanese as L2. Literacy in Japanese is a barrier for linguistic and cultural adaptation. In multigenerational communities, often located in urban housing complexes, the need for children’s literacy in Japanese and educational advancement has compromised the ethnolinguistic vitality of Vietnamese. Vibrant community festivals, the wave of trainee-workers, Vietnamese-medium, Buddhist, and Catholic religious practice, a surge in Vietnamese studies in Japanese institutions, and widespread interest in Vietnamese food culture are changing the shape of the Vietnamese diaspora in Japan.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114681143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Japanese in Japan","authors":"Junko Hibiya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The Japanese language ranks ninth worldwide by number of L1 speakers and is used mainly by speakers within Japan. It is rich in regional and social variation. Standard Japanese (hyōjungo) was formed after the Meiji Restoration along with kokugo ‘national language’ and nihongo ‘Japanese language’. The alternative concept of a ‘common language’, kyōtsūgo was introduced after World War II for interdialectal communication. This variety is subject to considerable social differentiation. Gender differences in Japanese do not necessarily coincide with the traditionally accepted norm. There is wide variation among speakers within each gender group. A discrepancy between prescriptive ideology and actual language practice is evident among the younger generation. The distinction between bungo ‘literary language’ and kōgo ‘colloquial or vernacular language’ has narrowed. The number and standardization of kanji remains the central and controversial issue of language policy in Japan.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134325045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Persian","authors":"Hourieh Akbari","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Persian native speakers (Iranian) living in Japan are a group of newcomers in the diversified Japanese society of recent years. The Iranian community in Japan can be classified into three groups according to their timeline of arrival: (1) pre-Iran (Islamic) Revolution (~1979), (2) mid-1980–1990s (Tokyo’s ‘Ueno Park Iranians’), and (3) post-2000 (students, researchers, and higher education in Iran). This chapter focuses on the life situation, Japanese language skills, and language acquisition methods of the Iranian community in Japan. Many long-term Iranians have naturally learned Japanese in their living environment. On the other hand, Iranian students, whose numbers have increased in recent years, tend to acquire Japanese from an academic perspective. As a result of this cultural exchange, educational institutions that teach Persian language in Japan and Japanese language in Iran have been introduced.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129627804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Turkish, Kurdish, and Uyghur","authors":"J. Maher","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856610.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Turkic language communities of Russian and Tatar background appeared in the 1920s with the émigré diaspora led by Bashkir political activist Muhammed Kurbangaliev. Turkey and Japan established close political relations in the 1890s. The first mosque was established in 1924 in Tokyo with a school for Japan’s Muslims (1927), and publications in Turkish and Arabic. Turkish is studied widely in universities and spoken in ethnic shops and restaurants. Trans Asian migrant flows have led to a Japanese language culture in the Ordu province of Turkey. Trilingual Kurds (Kurdish, Turkish, and Japanese) and Uyghur-Chinese speakers live in small communities mostly in the Tokyo area. Kurdish and Uyghur are taught informally by activists to the children of ethnic families, and spoken in shops and restaurants. Courses in these languages are offered at some universities. Diasporic trilingualism is common in these communities.","PeriodicalId":415254,"journal":{"name":"Language Communities in Japan","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121358274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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