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Palatalization and assibilation of /k/ in English and Scottish place-names 英语和苏格兰地名中/k/的发音和发音
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00050.lak
S. Laker
{"title":"Palatalization and assibilation of /k/ in English and Scottish place-names","authors":"S. Laker","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00050.lak","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00050.lak","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000There are very few place-names with initial Ch- [tʃ-] in Scotland, Northern England and much of the East Midlands. Names that do exist are almost exclusively late formations and usually consist of French rather than Old English place-name elements. This article investigates the reasons why assibilation is either present or absent from specific areas and why. The results lead to a reassessment of several points, including: (1) the phonetic and phonological development of the voiceless velar in Early English in particular environments; (2) the extent to which external influence counteracted palatalization and assibilation in some areas; (3) the disparities between the place-name and dialectal evidence.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90951809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lenition in North Sea Germanic 北海日耳曼语中的Lenition
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00051.gob
K. Goblirsch
{"title":"Lenition in North Sea Germanic","authors":"K. Goblirsch","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00051.gob","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00051.gob","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Lenition, or postvocalic weakening of obstruents, occurred in several languages in North Sea Germanic. Although\u0000 the main centers of Germanic lenition lie outside this region, in High German and Danish, systemic lenition took place in Low\u0000 German, North Frisian, and Dutch. Lenition in northern Low German is completely independent of lenition in High German, but the\u0000 area does, however, border on Danish, which has the most far reaching of the Germanic lenitions. Lenition in mainland North\u0000 Frisian is also in an area adjacent to Danish, but it displays a modified and rather unique form. In Dutch, there are only two\u0000 small isolated areas with systemic lenition, one in Groningish and one in East Flemish. In general, lenition is attributed to the\u0000 establishment of complementary length and the correlation of syllable cut in accented syllables. There are several convincing\u0000 arguments to support this claim. Lenition is considered a Germanic trend, which is present only in its nascent form in other areas\u0000 of West Germanic.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80621486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Die frühe voraltsächsische und voraltfriesische Runenüberlieferung 古撒克逊语和古古西班牙语
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00048.ned
R. Nedoma
{"title":"Die frühe voraltsächsische und voraltfriesische Runenüberlieferung","authors":"R. Nedoma","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00048.ned","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00048.ned","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper deals with two runic inscriptions that are highly relevant to language history. 1. The runic sequences on the three Weser rune bones, which date to the first half of the 5th century, are not entirely clear. However, West Germanic (Pre-Old Saxon) linguistic features such as gemination by j (kunni ‘kin, clan’) and loss of -a < *-az (hari ‘army’) are obvious. By far the most interesting linguistic form is the preterite dede ‘did’ that reflects PGmc. *-dai (cf. PNorse talgi-dai ‘carved’ on the Nøvling fibula) as opposed to PGmc. *-dǣ(d) (PNorse -da, OHG -ta etc.). Apparently, we are dealing with two distinct endings, *-dai deriving from an PIE middle in *-(t)ói̯. 2. The legend ska\u0000 2\u0000 nomodu (a\u0000 2 = ᚪ) on a solidus of unknown provenance (ca. 600) renders the dithematic anthroponym Skānɔmōdə̣ (or *Skānɵmōdə̣), presumably the name of the moneyer. It seems that medial o stands for [ɔ] or [ɵ], an allophonic variant of the linking element /a/ before a labial consonant; parallels can be found in Old Germanic naming. Two linguistic features, viz. ā < WGmc. *au and the nominative ending -ə̣ < WGmc. -a < PGmc. *-az, indicate that the language of the inscription is Pre-Old Frisian.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88624971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
A multifactorial account of analogical developments in Old English nominal paradigms 古英语名义范式中类比发展的多因素解释
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00047.ada
E. Adamczyk
{"title":"A multifactorial account of analogical developments in Old English nominal paradigms","authors":"E. Adamczyk","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00047.ada","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00047.ada","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present paper focuses on the interaction of factors that conditioned analogical developments in Old English\u0000 nominal paradigms. They include especially the absolute and relative frequency of occurrence, the salience of inflectional\u0000 exponents, the formal inflectional overlap across paradigms, functional factors, semantics and syllable structure (stem weight).\u0000 They could work in two opposite directions, namely towards retaining the etymological inflections or they could facilitate the\u0000 adoption of analogical endings. The significance of individual factors for the reorganisation of nominal paradigms is investigated\u0000 by employing a statistical analysis (multivariate logistic regression) which allows us to rank them. The analysis demonstrates\u0000 that the attested inflectional patterns can largely be explained by an interaction of three factors, namely salience and\u0000 frequency, which can be linked to the cognitive aspects of storage and retrieval of linguistic information, and the overlap of inflectional forms across paradigms, which is a manifestation of analogical pressure in the paradigms.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76514699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the fringe between West and North Germanic 在西日耳曼和北日耳曼之间的边缘地带
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2021-03-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00052.hoe
J. Hoekstra
{"title":"On the fringe between West and North Germanic","authors":"J. Hoekstra","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00052.hoe","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00052.hoe","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this paper I investigate the early language contact between North Frisian and Danish. Since we have no direct\u0000 evidence for this language contact apart from the layer of medieval Danish interferences in Modern North Frisian, the question\u0000 arises, whether it is possible to say anything about the specific type of language contact that has taken place in the Middle Ages\u0000 on the basis of the modern language data and with the help of language contact theory. Taking the lead of van Coetsem’s language\u0000 contact theory, I discuss two phenomena in the (morpho)syntax of Modern North Frisian, the placement of directional particles and\u0000 the inventory of verbal particles, and argue that they point to a language contact situation in which a considerable number of\u0000 Danish-speakers shifted to North Frisian.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"252 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76777468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Leipzig-Jakarta list as a means to test Old English / Old Norse mutual intelligibility 莱比锡-雅加达表作为测试古英语/古斯堪的纳维亚语相互可理解性的一种手段
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2020-10-16 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00042.kel
J. Keller
{"title":"The Leipzig-Jakarta list as a means to test Old English / Old Norse mutual intelligibility","authors":"J. Keller","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00042.kel","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00042.kel","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of basic word lists has long been common in the fields of second language acquisition and language typology. The application to the study of mutual intelligibility between closely related languages on the other hand has never gained much traction. This article will analyse the degree of mutual intelligibility between the vocabularies of Old English (Anglian) and Old Norse (Old Icelandic) with the use of the Leipzig-Jakarta List which ranks vocabulary by their resistance to borrowing. The entries were transliterated to the International Phonetic Alphabet and truncated so that only the word-roots remained. The entries were then compared using a rule-set based on phonetic deviations, the so-called Levenshtein Distance and a method derived from it called ALINE. The study finds a relatively low phonetic distance between the lists and concludes that they are overall close enough to be mutually intelligible.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"104 1","pages":"252-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73065942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wain, wagon and wayfarer 马车，马车和旅行者
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2020-10-16 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00043.sch
M. Schulte
{"title":"Wain, wagon and wayfarer","authors":"M. Schulte","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00043.sch","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00043.sch","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The runic inscriptions of the older period contain a series of terms referring to the notion of speed, agility and alertness in a broader sense. Most of these forms that occur on runestones are conveniently explained in terms of bynames and individual names (cf. Brylla 1993). The paper explores the structure of this lexical field which has two major sub-groups: (1) Weapon names designating attack and swift motion, and (2) Personal names and bynames invoking the notions of speed, travel and alertness. Subgroup 1 includes East Germanic material, whereas subgroup 2 seems to be restricted to the Northwest Germanic linguistic territory. The recently discovered Rakkestad runestone from eastern Norway affirms the relevance of this interpretation of personal names and bynames. The paper argues that this linguistic discussion is of socio-cultural importance in an overarching perspective of Early Norse society.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"86 1","pages":"276-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73977690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Gallo-Romance lenition in Germanic loanwords 日耳曼外来词中的高卢罗曼语修饰
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00040.vaa
M. Vaan
{"title":"Gallo-Romance lenition in Germanic loanwords","authors":"M. Vaan","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00040.vaa","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00040.vaa","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the earliest changes affecting Western Romance before the end of the Roman Empire was the lenition of intervocalic *p, *t, *k to *b, *d, *g. We find its effects in a number of Romance loanwords in West Germanic. The word for ‘market’ has not played a role in this discussion because it is often attested with t in the West Germanic languages. Still, there are strong indications that the word was borrowed into Germanic as *markadu after the lenition of intervocalic t in Romance. Its phonological make-up is comparable to that of Latin vocatus, which was borrowed into Germanic as *fogadu.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"23 1","pages":"221-235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74540441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
R[obert]. D. Fulk,A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages R(财大)。D.富尔克:《早期日耳曼语言的比较语法》
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00045.hei
Frank Heidermanns
{"title":"R[obert]. D. Fulk,A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages","authors":"Frank Heidermanns","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00045.hei","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00045.hei","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84188826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
A contribution to Old English lexicography 对古英语词典编纂的贡献
IF 0.1
NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution Pub Date : 2020-10-15 DOI: 10.1075/nowele.00041.gar
Laura García Fernández
{"title":"A contribution to Old English lexicography","authors":"Laura García Fernández","doi":"10.1075/nowele.00041.gar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/nowele.00041.gar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article contributes to Old English Lexicography with the lemmatisation of five Old English class VII verbs. The scope is restricted to utgangan, wiðhealdan, ofersceadan, onbefeallan and ongangan, for which very little information can be gathered from the available lexicographical sources. Lemmatisation is a pending task because there is not a complete list with all the attested forms by dictionary word, and because the available corpora are unlemmatised. The methodology focuses on the manual revision of the inflectional forms (retrieved from the DOEC) using lexicographical and textual sources with the aim of providing the citations together with their translation into Present-Day English. As a result, this work provides insights on building dictionary entries for these verbs, including the list of inflectional forms attested in the corpus, the meaning definition, and the morphology of the word formation. The entries for these lemmas, if listed by the dictionaries, are often incomplete, but more importantly, they are not based on a lemmatised corpus.","PeriodicalId":41411,"journal":{"name":"NOWELE-North-Western European Language Evolution","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84983721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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