Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria最新文献

{"title":"Certain Military Features of the Siberian Tatar Warriors at the End of the 16th Century (Based on Materials Gathered by G. F. Miller)","authors":"Y. Khudyakov, A. Borisenko","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-257-262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-257-262","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. This article considers and analyzes certain features of armament and military science of the Siberian Tatar warriors, that are related to the time of campaign into Siberia of the Russian Cossacks troop under the command of ataman Ermak; these features were mentioned and researched according to data of the Russian Siberian chronicle sources by famous scientist, historian of the 18th Century, academician Gerhard Friedrich Müller. Results. It is pointed out, that several parts of the Siberian Tatar ruling elite were familiar with firearm and artillery action, and even tried unsuccessful to use artillery pieces, gained during a previous period in Kazan, against the Cossacks in the course of hostilities. However, there were no skilled artillerists among Siberian Tatars who could fire off their artillery pieces. Quite possibly, effective possession of firearms and artillery ensured the definite military superiority to the Cossacks at the time of military clashes with Siberian Tatar warriors during all time of the Cossack troop campaign into Siberia, led by ataman Ermak. Bitter disagreements and struggle for power, among different groups of Siberian Tatar nobility weaken its confronting of the Cossack troop. Gerhard Friedrich Müller drew on varied informative data, contained in the Russian Siberian annalistic historical sources, where it is described how the campaign of the Cossack troop, led by famous ataman Ermak, via mountain range of the Urals into Western Siberia to the territory of the Tatar Khanate of Siberia. That campaign took place upon the initiative of wealthy merchant clan of the Stroganovs. Conclusion. Several historical events are traced, that are related to the time of this campaign. Several substantive historical reasons are identified, including above all the dissociation among the Siberian Tatar elites, that did not allow to successfully confront the Cossacks in the struggle for preservation of the Tatar Khanate of Siberia.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87071904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Archaeology of Semirechye at the End of the 19th Century (Based on the Materials of the Expedition Led by Ch.-E. Ujfalvy)","authors":"A. Borisenko","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-44-51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-7-44-51","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. This article analyzes the archaeological materials gathered by French explorer of Hungarian descent Charles-Eugène Ujfalvy in the course of his expedition into Semirechye (Jetysu). In 1879 his work “French scientific expedition to Russia, Siberia and Turkestan” (“Expédition scientifique française en Russe, en Sibérie et dans le Turkestan”) was published in Paris, where the author expounded extensive and diverse materials on the history, demography, natural economic and cultural specificities of Central Asia. Results. Activities of the European explorers, French in particular, in the territory of Central Asia not once have been the subject of attention and research by specialists. However, only a few mentions in scientific literature can be found about the work of Ch.-E. Ujfalvy in the territory of Jetysu. They are particularly small in number and contain either mentions about the fact of that journey or general descriptions of the expedition. Analysis of archaeological materials gathered by scientists has not been carried out before. The expeditionary route passed through territories that the French author called the Russian Turkestan, by limiting it to Semey in the north, Zarafshan in the south, Fergana Valley in the east and Aral Sea in the west. Ch.-E. Ujfalvy was one of those whose work was distinguished by a great variety and volume of collected material on the history, geography, and traditional culture of the peoples living in the studied territories. Conclusion. Ch.-E. Ujfalvy’s monograph includes not only texts, but also illustrative material. He also outlined the archaeological sites and findings among the landscaping and natural attractions described by the explorer. He has covered some of them in text and some are simply sketched and attached as illustrations to the monograph. The scientist highlights several types of archaeological objects. The article provides a data review about archaeological antiquities of the Jetysu region, gathered by Ch.-E. Ujfalvy in the course of his expedition.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80152609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Correlation of an Archaeological Site and a Historical Settlement: Historical Approach (Through the Example of Ust-Voikarskoe Site and Voikarsky Gorodok)","authors":"Y. Garkusha","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-42-56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-42-56","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. Ust-Voikarskoe site is situated in the Lower Ob Region (Shuryshkarsky district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Russia). It represents autochthonous late Middle-Age culture of the north of Western Siberia. The article discusses verification of the sources used for analysis that would confirm possible identity of the archeological site Ust-Voikarskoe and a historical settlement of the Middle-Age, Voikarsky Gorodok. Results. Firstly, researches noted that the archaeological site had been known in the written sources as Ostyak (Khanty) Voikarsky Gorodok since at least the beginning of the 17th century, including Russian fiscal documents. Siberian local historians of the 2nd half of the 19th century mentioned some “ancient hills” located near the village of Voikarskie Yurty. At the same time, there is a group of other sources which have not been analyzed yet. A complex review of all the sources that we conducted tells us an intricate story with more questions than answers. Where exactly were “ancient hills” near the village of Voikarskie Yurty located? What did they look like? We discovered that the Khanty had a few settlements named Voikarskie Yurty. So, the question remains, which Voikarskie Yurty was located near the settlement identified by historians as Voikarsky Gorodok? Conclusion. Known historical materials cannot indisputably prove the identity of the archeological Ust-Voikarskoe site and the historical Middle-Age settlement of Voikarsky Gorodok. They also cannot be the ground to say that these places are connected with the territory that was explored by archaeologists at the beginning of the 21st century.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74209332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Sabers with Wooden Hilts of the 17th – Mid 19th Centuries from the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan","authors":"L. Bobrov, D. Ismailov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-3-146-158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-3-146-158","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The article provides a detailed description of three sabers with wooden hilts stored in the funds of the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan (PMO 3025-1.2, PMO 6265, PMO UK 8227), Astana. Results. Based on the structural analysis of the items and their design, we identified that Saber 1 from the NMRC (PMO 3025-1.2) is one of the varieties of Persian Shamshirs. The blade with the shank, garda and a wooden sheath with hoop could have been made by Iranian or, less likely, Central Asian armorers in the 18th – middle of the 19th centuries. The wooden hilt with rivets, leather-covered scabbard and a metal tip were added while the saber was in the museum collection. A distinctive feature of Saber 2 of NMRC (PMO 6265), which originates from the territory of Southern Kazakhstan, is a relatively small bending of an acute-angled blade, an authentic wooden hilt and a leather case covering the hilt. The last two elements are not typical for products of Persian craftsmen but are quite often found on the weapons of the Uzbek and Kazakh soldiers of the New Age. According to the construction and design we conclude that Saber 2 could have been made by Central Asian, or, less likely, Iranian armorers in the 18th – mid 19th centuries (in the latter case, the hilt and the cover might have been made by Uzbek or Kazakh masters). Saber 3 (ПМО УК 8227) combines the classic “shamshirs” blade and a pommel with a wooden hilt and a relatively rare version of the guard. Based on the design features, the saber is dated to the end of the 18th – mid 19th centuries. The fastening system of its “cheeks” indicates that the wooden hilt might have been made and added in the 19th century. Conclusion. The weapons of the series under review vividly illustrate the data from written sources on the prevalence of sabers with long blades imported from Iran and Central Asia among Kazakh soldiers during the 18th – 19th centuries.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"28 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72466040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Bifacial Components in Middle Paleolithic Techno-Complexes (Based on the Chagyrskaya Cave Assemblages)","authors":"K. Kolobova, A. Shalagina, S. Markin, A. Krivoshapkin","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-98-111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-98-111","url":null,"abstract":"Previously, occasional bifacial tools found in different industrial variants of the Altai Middle Paleolithic were not considered as cultural markers that could be used to differentiate the technological/cultural variants. They rather were a bright but situational manifestation of the typological variability, especially in the case of the Sibiryachikha assemblages. Purpose. The article discusses various research approaches used to determine and evaluate the bifacial component in the Middle Paleolithic lithic assemblages, namely attributive analysis with a set of specific attributes, scar-pattern analysis and experimental modelling. Results. As a result of recent studies at the site Chagyrskaya Cave, the key-site of Sibiryachikha, we found out that all the bifaces were made using plano-convex technology. In the Chagyrskaya Cave assemblage all stages of bifacial production have been noticed? including pre-forms, bifacial tools and tools made on bifacial thinning flakes, accompanied by numerous bifacial thinning flakes and bifacial thinning chips. Re-investigation of the Okladnikov assemblage should bring a new, previously unknown series of technical spalls related to the bifacial plano-convex technology. A similar situation is with Karabom complexes, where all bifacial tools are made using bi-convex bifacial technology. Thus, criteria for technological distinction of bifacial production are of special importance. Conclusion. Our experiments have shown that the proportion of chips associated with bifacial production is much higher than it can be determined while analyzing archaeological assemblages. Taking in account the new data on bifacial technologies in the region, we conclude that variability of Middle Paleolithic complexes has become more complex. To evaluate the bifacial component in Paleolithic assemblages, all stages of bifacial flaking should be documented, including bifacial pre-forms, technical spalls related to bifacial reduction sequence, chips, blanks which demonstrate bifacial flaking errors and tools made on bifacial thinning flakes and bifacial tools. A complete set of bifacial production is present at the Chagyrskaya Cave assemblage due to the fact that the cave was constantly visited and had a sufficiently long habitation cycle as a source of raw materials. In the assemblage, a complete sequence of lithic raw material exploitation was processed. Taking into account the fact that Chagyrskaya Cave and Okladnikov Cave are associated only with Neanderthal remains, it can be assumed that bifacial plano-convex technology in the Middle Paleolithic of Altai is linked to Neanderthal population in the region.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77254063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnocultural Feautres of the Modern Khakass Family","authors":"I. Troshkina","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-187-199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-187-199","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. For identification of ethnocultural features of the modern Khakass family in the Republic of Khakassia we used empirical material, generalized on the basis of interviews and questionnaires. The object of the study is the culture of the ethnic group, the subject of the study is the ethnocultural features of the modern family. The article discusses the main components of the family from the perspective of material and spiritual foundations of the ethnic community. The author pays special attention to the objects belonging to the Khakass family material culture and describes elements that refer to modern processes and activities. The methodological basis of the study includes principles and categories of dialectics, methods of analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural analysis of social systems. The empirical base is the materials obtained by using included observation, in the process of expert interviews and analyzing questionnaires. Results. As a result of our research we conclude that the dynamics of ethnocultural foundation of the Khakass family in the early 21st century, which includes elements of labor culture and daily life, develops intensively in the material culture. The spiritual basis of the ethnic group (its religious platform, traditions and customs, as well as the language) is being somewhat modernized due to new realia but is quite stable and experiences little transformation. Revitalization of cultural symbols is accompanied by decrease in the number of the Khakass language speakers but is also characterized by a desire for establishing a monolithic Khakass ethnic community on the basis of the Sagay-Kachinsky component. The author’s main contribution to the study of the topic is the study of modern cultural foundations of the family in the Khakass ethnic group. The novelty of the study refers to the regional component of the ethnocultural aspect in considering the Khakass family.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85678987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petroglyph “Belaya Loshad” (White Horse) in the Minusinsk Basin (Attribution, Experiment, Discussion)","authors":"P. Volkov, Elizaveta S. Buravleva, L. Lbova, D. V. Kuleshov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-57-73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-7-57-73","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. According to the data about its analogues, the petroglyph White Horse in the Minusinsk basin has been dated as the late Paleolithic. Such dating of the petroglyph provides ground for research and drawing stylistic links with a series of similar Paleolithic images of Western Europe. Results. We used microscopical analysis of the surface with the pattern to carry out a number of special experiments. The aim of our research was to verify whether the image could have been created using the supposed “applicative” technology. The results of our studies and the dating of calcite stains on the rocky planes obtained by means of accelerator mass spectrometry lead us to revise the time estimates of the image. Experimental-technological and special traceological studies together with photogrammetry of the petroglyph provide the basis for determining three stages of the pattern formation. Some of the fragments of the image are likely to have been performed by different people at different times. A stylistic analysis of similar and geographically close objects allows us to date the picture no earlier than the Late Holocene. The image safety is under a serious threat due to the rapid destruction of the rock surface. Conclusion. Based on the data obtained as a result of our experiments, the petroglyph cannot be defined as “an image of the Upper Paleolithic era”. After a series of analyses including chemical analysis of calcite and experimental traceological analysis, we conclude that relative dating of the image refers to a period not earlier than the Bronze Age. A stylistic analysis suggests that the petroglyph White Horse in the Minusinsk basin, to a certain extent, naturally fits into the general visual tradition of the region. The 3-D model of the image allows us to keep a clear visual image of the object. However, the image can be damaged as a result of natural processes as the rock surface is in a state of decay.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81235040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Numismatic Materials of the 16th Century from the Seitovo 4 Burial Ground (the Middle Irtysh Region)","authors":"K. Tikhomirov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-5-116-124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-5-116-124","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The aim of the work is to introduce for the scientific community new numismatic items of the 16th century, which allow us to date the earliest burials of the Tara Tatars living in the region and, based on this data, establish some specific features of their burial rituals. Results. We conducted a crash-rescue operation and explored grave 1 on the burial ground Seitovo 4, which is located in the southern-taiga belt of Western Siberia on the right bank of the Irtysh River, in the Tara district of the Omsk region. The burial ground contained two silver coins of the Russian kingdom, which were in use during the reign of Ivan the 4th (the Grozny), and some other funeral inventory. The analysis of the elements of the burial structure and the inventory in the grave showed similarities with the funeral rituals discovered on the burial grounds of the 17th – 18th centuries located in this region. Most researchers relate these grounds to the antique ancestors of the Tara Tatars. However, until now, nothing has been known about the characteristic features of the funeral rite of this population during their early periods. Moreover, due to the lack of dating, early graves could not be distinguished from the later burials, which made it difficult to study their features. The materials analyzed give a better understanding of the formation and genesis of the burial rite under study. Analysis of the coins showed that these were so-called Moscow-issued personal “saber-dengi”, which were minted after the monetary reform of Ivan the 4th and led to the unification of the monetary system of the Russian tsardom. These coins are rarely found in Western Siberia, and in the Middle Irtysh region they are the most ancient Russian coins referring to 1538–1561. Conclusion. Written sources of the first quarter of the 17th – first half of the 18th centuries indicate that the ancestors of the Turaly and Ayaly groups of the Tara Tatars lived in this region at that time. The research allowed us to assert that the people buried there were the ancestors of the Tara Tatars. The results help to establish the lower bound of dating this grave and explore some of the features of the funeral rite of the modern Tara Tatars’ ancestors during their early periods.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87429943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethnocultural Communities of the North as Shown in Ethnocinema “Coast of the Chukchi Sea” by Grigory Smirnitsky: Shooting History","authors":"I. Golovnev","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-3-35-44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-3-35-44","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. History of visual anthropology in Russia is full of big names, heroic expeditions and classic films. Based on research and pursuing artistic goals, production of ethnographic films was also part of a grand Soviet experiment on creating a unique national identity. Soviet authorities used popular “cultural films” as a means of bringing together the peoples of the new Soviet Union on the screen. This article deals with exploring the film-image of the culture of the Chukchi on the example of a classic documentary film shot by Grigory Smirnitsky, a pioneer of the Soviet visual anthropology. The film was a result of the Chukotka expedition conducted by the film group of the Soyuzkino factory under the leadership of A. Litvinov, one of pioneers and icons of the national ethnographic cinema. The film “Coast of the Chukchi Sea”, the main result of the film expedition which has survived up to our days, was created by an A. Litvinov’s assistant, a young director and scriptwriter G. Smirnitsky. Due to the specifics of silent movies, this film is a kind of a cinematic text as it consists of approximately the same number of frames and text captions alternating in the narrative. In this regard, an effective method for analyzing this film applied in this article is its decoding, a «translation» into a text format. Result. The resultant film-text allows us to identify and analyze, on the one hand, the features of the screen image of the Chukchi culture of the early twentieth century. On the other hand, we analyzed the basis of the specific creative method of the director-researcher. G. Smirnitsky’s creativity is a perfect example of how a film potential can be used as a form of research cognition. The method discovered by the director in the expedition helps to combine research and documentary elements into a film so that the film could convey not only some information about the events shown, but also their figurative and emotional context. Conclusion. Based on the analysis of visual, textual and archival materials, we come to the conclusion that this documentary film phenomenon is a valuable historical source. Studying Soviet ethnographic cinema, including the film “Coast of the Chukchi Sea”, enriches the source base of modern science with audiovisual ethnographic materials and equips scientists with proven scientific and creative methods that could be used in modern research practice.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88195865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basic Principles of Selecting Stone Raw Materials in Tool Production in the Industry of Chagyrskaya Peshchera","authors":"K. Kolobova, S. Markin, A. Shalagina, S. V. Schnaider, A. Krivoshapkin","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-3-53-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-3-53-61","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to Neanderthal adaptation strategies, whose study is becoming more and more relevant in recent years as a result of new discoveries demonstrating Neanderthal cognitive capabilities. Our perception of this subspecies of ancient hominins and of their work skills is changing in view of these discoveries. In this connection, investigation of easternmost Eurasian Neanderthals’ tool manufacturing processes, who produced stone tools in the absence of flint and with the raw materials available, is supposed to clarify researchers’ ideas about the strategies ensuring the Neanderthal subsistence. Purpose. We focuses on main trends in manufacturing stone tools developed by the Gorny Altai Neanderthals within the framework of the Sibiryachikha industry. Our research is based on attributive analysis within a technicaltypological method. We aimed at identifying technologically significant morphological and metric features of each item from the collection of stone tools found in Chagyrskaya Peshchera (Cave). In the article, we provide typological definitions for the stone tool blanks, identify variants of the tools’ secondary treatment and the number of such traces on the tool, describe the tools’ edges with retouch and give detailed information on the metric parameters of the tools and blanks. The results of the previously published petrographic analysis, which was conducted by N. A. Kulik, in combination with the attributive analysis of stone artifacts from the 6C/1, 2008 assemblage, indicate that there are four main types of raw materials which were mainly used by the Gorny Altai Neanderthals. Results. The greatest variety of raw materials was recorded in the category of blanks without secondary treatment. Among the tools, the greatest variety is demonstrated by tools that have minimal traces of secondary treatment, namely single scrapers and retouched flakes. There seems to be little diversity among double and convergent scrapers, for which zasuryan jasper were predominantly used. As for bifaces, we observe domination of the blanks made of the zasuryan jasper. Conclusion. Our research has confirmed that the basic principles of using raw materials by the Gorny Altai Neanderthals were the quality and availability of these materials. In general, high-quality stone raw materials were used for the production of well-modified tools, such as bifaces, convergent scrapers and retouched points. Such a selectivity of raw material identified for the items from our collection supports the hypothesis that explains a high degree of Neanderthal adaptation to the paleo-environment.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79572990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}