Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria最新文献

{"title":"A Rock Art Panel near the Village of Krasnyi Mak in the Crimea","authors":"A. G. Gertsen, Anton A. Dushenko, V. Ruev","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.5-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.5-21","url":null,"abstract":"Since there are a very few monuments of the Stone and Bronze Age art found in the Crimea, the discovery of a new object of the kind is an important event for local archaeology. This paper addresses a recently discovered site, the complex of rock paintings located in the south-western area of the Crimean foothills, on the western slope of the mountain of Kyzyk-Kulak-Kaia, which is a part of the Second (Inner) Range of the Crimean Mountains, south of the village of Krasnyi Mak, Bakhchisarai District. The rock paintings appeared in a grotto in rock on the western precipice of the mountain. The surface of the rock houses three compositions comprising anthropomorphic figures, images of beasts, and symbolic pictures. By all appearance, rock paintings of Kyzyk-Kulak-Kaia feature migrations of a cattle-breeding tribe, driving of a herd of horses, and the scene of a ritual performed by a shaman. The complex of images contains the main chronological components, wheeled carts and horse-riders, dating the paintings to the period no earlier than the Bronze Age. The dating of this complex by analogies is possible with the attraction of both a few parallels from the Crimea and also the finds from Khakassia and the Southern Ural area. This publication has also analysed semantic similarities and differences with the images from other Crimean archaeological sites such as the stations of Tash-Air and Alimova Ravine, a cist from the vicinity of the village of Dolinnoe in the Bakhchisarai District, and relief pictures on the steles uncovered near the villages of Kazanki and Bakhchi-Eli.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Turbulent Ethnopolitical Processes in the Eastern Taurica in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries","authors":"V. Zin’ko, Alexey V., Zin’ko","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.71-89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.71-89","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of archaeological researches allowing the one to reconstruct ethnopolitical processes in the eastern Taurica in the sixth and seventh centuries. By the sixth century, the eastern Crimean steppes were depopulated and used for seasonal migrations of the Hunnic tribes. The Byzantine Empire made a significant influence on the ethnopolitical processes in the Bosporos in the sixth and seventh centuries when annexed this country in 527/528. Archaeological researches supply scanty information about the urban buildings of the Bosporan capital in the sixth century. Alternative archaeological situation developed with the preserved Early Byzantine layers of the Bosporan town of Tyritake, where continuous many-year-long archaeological research uncovered large areas. According to the archaeological materials and a few epigraphic finds, Bosporan Greeks constituted the overwhelming majority of the population of Tyritake in the sixth century as before, being mostly the persons of moderate means, engaged in fishing and agricultural production, crafts and petty trade. After the raid of the Turks in 576, Bosporos and Tyritake declined, with only isolated residential houses reconstructed in certain areas in these towns; these houses lived to the third quarter of the seventh century when they were burned down by the Khazars. Bosporos constantly experienced the pressure from nomadic hordes, which, over the centuries, moved here and there, replacing each other, along the great tract of the steppes. The turbulence of ethnopolitical processes in the Eastern Taurica especially intensified in the Early Byzantine Period. Following the Khazar devastation, all the Bosporan settlements were depopulated, and the insignificant remnants of the former population concentrated in the fire-ravaged town of Bosporos, which for centuries became an out-of-the-way provincial town forming a part of different polities.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Burials and Anthropology of the Linevo-1 Settlement, Bronze – Early Iron Age Transitional Period (Western Siberia)","authors":"L. Mylnikova","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-73-85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-73-85","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. This article presents the burials studied at the archaeological site of the Linevo-1 century. Similar finds were made at other sites of the late Irmenian culture: the settlement of Mylnikovo (Barnaul Ob region), Yeltsovskoe-2, Milovanovo 3 (Novosibirsk Ob region); Om-1, Chicha-1 (Baraba) settlement; ritual complex Siberian I (middle Irtysh region). Such burials have been known since the 1980s, but in Western Siberia the problem of ‘special burials’ in archaeology attracted the attention of researchers only at the beginning of the 21st century, especially the excavations of the Chicha-1 monument. Results. Three objects were recorded on Linevo-1. Burial 1 was found in chamber 2 of dwelling 15, a child 7–10 years old. There is no grave pit. Laid on the left side, with an unnaturally bent spinal column, on the ground it was located with the face of the skull. The burial was accompanied by stone structures with jaws and bones of animals, fish, fragments of ceramics, with the bottom part of the vessel and a vessel of late Irmen culture. Burial 2 was found on the floor of dwelling 16a. Burial 3 was studied in the zoly layer of the inter-dwelling space. Only skull fragments were found in two burials. In the third burial, signs of violence were recorded on the bones of the deceased. No accompanying material was found. Conclusions. An analysis of inventory, stratigraphy and planigraphy proves that the settlement is a monument of late Irmen culture and dates back to the 9th – 7th centuries BC. Near the settlement of Linevo-1, there is the Zarechnoye-1 burial ground, where objects of the Irmen and Late Irmen cultures are presented. Comparison of the funeral rite of both cultures shows that the latter demonstrates the continuity of many features of Irmen culture. However, there are also innovations. In funeral practice, these are burials on the territory of the living space. A comparison of the burial practice from Linevo-1 with the total odontometric series of populations of the Bronze Age was carried out. While not showing sharp differences from other groups, the buried from Linevo-1 do not show any similarities with them: a combination of Caucasoid and Mongoloid characters within the anthropological type was recorded for them, as well as the absence of similarities between those buried in Linevo-1 and those buried at the Chicha-1 site.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90052346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early 20th Century Postcards as a Source for Studying the Buryats’ Archery Complex","authors":"R.M. Kharitonov, M. Kharitonov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-144-156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-144-156","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. The article analyzes items of the Buryats’ archery complex depicted on the postcards of the early 20th century. These are bows and arrows, quivers, bow cases, belts and one arrow storage. Also in the article, the history of photographs are examined, the authorship and dating of the photographs are found. Results. In total, four postcards with east Buryats and three postcards with west Buryats were found. The analysis showed that all the images have bows with similar geometrical features that tells us about the proximity of structures. Items similar in geometry are now kept in museums and private collections and belong to the Buryat traditional culture and differ from the Manchu tradition bows, popular among the peoples of South Siberia and Central Asia. All the Buryat quivers have a special shape and are called “humpbacked” in publications. The bow cases are shaped like half a bow. Quivers and bow cases are represented in two decorative traditions: western and eastern. In western tradition, usually the entire front surface of quivers and bow cases is covered with metal plates of various shapes. The edges were decorated with sub-rectangular plates using vajra and “ram’s horn symbols”. The central part of the bow cases was filled with discs, the same part of the quivers contains a disk and a ‘comet’. Eastern tradition shows the use of metal plates much less frequently. One image shows a quiver similar in design to Mongolian items, however, in shape resembling Buryat “humpbacked” quivers. One image shows an arrow storage – a case for storing arrows. The images also show the features of wearing and using items of the archery complex. Conclusion. The postcard images confirm previous conclusions about the uniqueness of the Buryat archery complex and make it possible to highlight new typical features. All of this tells us about the importance of referring to visual sources including postcards when studying weapons.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88534894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Casting Molds for Celts of Type IV (Early Iron Age) According to M. P. Gryaznov’s Classification: The Manufacturing Technology","authors":"D. Nenakhov","doi":"10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-97-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-7-97-108","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose. Recently there was a publication devoted to the ornament typology, based on a stylized ‘hoof print’, for the Early Iron Age celts from Central Siberia. In developing this ornament typology and identifying its application traditions, the author carried out a series of experiments in order to identify the complete technological cycle of its production. It is this aspect which will be the focus of the article. Results. We are researching the application technology of the ornament that consists of three main elements that make up the composition. In the central part there is a punctum in the form of a stylized unfolded ‘hoof print’. This figure is crossed by a ‘belt’ line. From the top of the ‘hoof print’ and the so-called ‘belt’, short lines can go down. The information on the area, where the celts with such an ornament were found, indicates that they were distributed only in Central Siberia. Conclusion. The complex of objects includes more than 30 celts (Type IV according to M. P. Gryaznov’s typology). The study identifies two traditions of applying an ornament. In the first case, the central figure (‘hoof print’) was cut out on the celt pattern and the impression was transferred to the valve of the casting mold. The rest of the elements were cut out on the casting matrix. In the second case, we are talking about a combined approach, when the ornament was completely applied to the clay model of the celt. At the same time, only the central figure in the form of an unfolded ‘half-hoof print’ was cut out, the rest of the ornament elements such as a ‘belt’ and the hanging short lines were applied using the sculpting method. For both methods of ornament application, there are common features such as the traces of carving with a sharp object (i.e. knife) in the central part of the ‘half-hoof print’ figure, rubbing the sampler surface and the celt shape with the finger pads. The first method’s distinctive features are the roll sculpturing on a celt pattern, superimposing them on top of each other, an overlap of the roll onto the sides. The second method’s distinctive features are the tracing lines made with a pointed object (i.e. wood chips, knife), superposition of carved lines on top of each other.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84748519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Christian Mangup: The Modern Source Base and the Main Stages of Its History","authors":"Valery Naumenko, Aleksandr G. Gertsen, Darya V. Iozhitsa","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.255-281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.255-281","url":null,"abstract":"Throughout the entire period of the Middle Ages, the settlement of Mangup was one of the most important ideological centres for the spread of Christianity in the south-western Crimea. From the creation of the independent Gothic bishopric on, it housed the residence and the cathedral church of the hierarchs of Crimean Gothia. This is evidenced by numerous churches and monasteries discovered by many-year-long excavations of the site (27 in total). This paper is the first in the scholarship attempt of systematization of all available information from the sources related to the Christian history of the castle of Mangup, written, epigraphic, archaeological, and so on. Particular attention has been paid to the results of modern excavations of the church archaeology monuments at the settlement in question, carried out systematically in 2012–2021. They formed the basis for the reconstruction of the main stages of church building and the most important periods in the history of the local Christian community. Generally, it covers a wide period from the mid-sixth century, when a big basilica featuring the nave and two aisles, the future cathedral of the Gothic bishopric (metropolia), was built at Mangup along with the large Byzantine castle, and finished in the early seventeenth century. The construction and functioning of most part of known churches and monasteries of the castle of Mangup dates to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when this site finally developed into a large mediaeval city, the capital of the principality of Theodoro in the south-western Crimea.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Early Byzantine and Khazar Periods in the Evolution of the Towns on the Inner Mountain Ridge in the Crimea","authors":"A. Aibabin","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.475-497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.475-497","url":null,"abstract":"From the large-scale archaeological researches of individual urban centres located on the Inner Mountain Ridge of the Crimea, atop of the plateaus of Mangup, Eski-Kermen, and Bakla, there are enough reasons to identify and reconstruct the Early Byzantine and Khazar Periods in the evolution of these towns. The analysis of written sources and materials of archaeological excavations allows the one to substantiate the chronology of the two initial periods in the history of the evolution of the towns located on the Inner Mountain Ridge as: 1 – Early Byzantine, from 582 AD to the early eighth century; 2 – Khazar, from the early eighth century to 841 AD. In the early sixth century, there was the only oppidum or civitatium Dory known in the region in question. Obviously, its fortifications were built by the Goths living atop of the plateau of Mangup from the mid-third century on. In the Early Byzantine Period, in the late sixth century, when the region of Dory was incorporated into the Empire’s borderland province, military engineers realised the state-sponsored program and constructed fortifications and a church in the castle (κάστρον) of Δόροϛ and fortified towns of various types (πόλισμα) atop of the mountains of Eski-Kermen and Bakla. Although the engineers immediately planned and constructed fortifications, access roads, gates, sally ports, a church, streets, and other objects on a greater part of the uninhabited plateau of Eski-Kermen, only the citadel was built on the already inhabited terrace of the plateau of Bakla. In the Khazar Period, Δόροϛ kept the status of the capital of Gothia and the bishop’s see. At Eski-Kermen there probably was an archon supervising the building of the town according to a single plan, while at Bakla there appeared suburban area covered by residential houses. The archontes of the towns located atop of Eski-Kermen and Bakla were civil and church governors of the klimata, just as their predecessors had done earlier.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“…This Area Is almost the only Classical Country in Our Possession”: Baron B. B. Kampengauzen’s Memoir “On the Antiquities in the New Russia Region” (1817)","authors":"D. Konkin","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.528-539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.528-539","url":null,"abstract":"This publication introduces into the scholarship Baron B. B. Kampengauzen’s (Campenhausen, 1772–1823) memoir “On the Antiquities in the New Russia Region.” The state controller of the Russian Empire Kampengauzen visited the New Russia Region and the Crimea in summer 1816. In result of this trip, he prepared a long memoir discussing possible transformation of the country. Kampengauzen compiled the part addressing the antiquities of New Russia in a traditional way of the observations of the kind. In the beginning, he stated the general history of the country; later on, he called the reader’s attention to the topical problems of New Russia, discussed the current status of the ancient sites, and expressed his own recommendations for the protection and research of antiquities. This memoir is especially valuable since one of its first readers was the Russian Emperor Alexander I.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The South-Eastern Suburb of Bakhchisarai though K. F. Bogaevskii’s Watercolours: Salachik and Chufut-Kale","authors":"Mariia А. Lomakina","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.571-593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.571-593","url":null,"abstract":"Although the watercolours and pen drawings of still existing and already lost architectural buildings created by K. F. Bogaevskii in the 1920s are more modest than his pictures, they still form the golden collection of the Crimean past. The sketches of architectural monuments are a specific part of the painter’s heritage, which certainly made an impact on the development of his creative approach to the Crimean landscape, were the job he did by an order from the institution responsible for all cultural heritage in the region, or the Crimean Department for the Museum Affairs and Protection of the Sites of Art, Past, Nature, and People’s Daily Life (KrymOKHRIS). This paper presents K. F. Bogaevskii’s watercolours discovered in the collection of the Bakhchisarai Historical, Cultural, and Archaeological Museum Preserve and I. K. Aivazovskii Feodosiia Art Gallery: they show mediaeval monuments located in the south-eastern suburbs of Bakhchisarai, Salachik, and Chufut-Kale. The art historical analysis of these works has been done; the history of their creation has been explored. The author underlines the significance of these drawings for the scholarly studies of the cultural heritage sites of Bakhchisarai, reconstruction of their authentic appearance, localization and identification, and the studies in the cultural heritage site protection works in the Crimea in the 1920s. Artistic value of the painter’s works under analysis is beyond any doubt: the precision of drawing, reproduction of architectonics of buildings, necessary details of pictures were caused by the task and corresponded to K. F. Bogaevskii’s high professional attitude to works. The watercolours and drawings create an artistic image of the monuments with the composition incorporated into the existing natural setting. K. F. Bogaevskii was a landscape painter, a master with academic education, who passed through A. I. Kuindzhi’s school.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective Methods in the Research of Coinages of Byzantine Cherson and the Crimea","authors":"V. A. Sidorenko","doi":"10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.424-446","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.424-446","url":null,"abstract":"This paper considers the coin-die method of numismatic research, which, by A. N. Zograf’s definition, is an “objective scientific method.” The need to turn to this description is related to the fact that not all authors of publications are familiar with the principles of this method. The technical features of the use of mechanically connected pairs of dies in coinage, which became widespread in ancient times and were applied in the coinages of Bosporos and Chersonese (mediaeval Cherson) from the Roman Period on, are highlighted. The transition to the coin production not interconnected by dies under the Golden Horde creates more complex intersections of die connections in the method of research of coins. This paper publishes two folles of Justin II (565–578) of the mint of Constantinople produced by the same obverse die and reverse with different numeric marks (Г and Є) interpreted as the signs of the 3rd and 5th officinae. One can infer a special value of the fifth officina differing from those of the marks 1–4 to explain the appearance of its mark on the coins of Leo I and Verina of military issues in Cherson before the organization of its polis coinage. The study of the coins of mediaeval Cherson by die and analytical methods detects the continuity of issues from 549 on, allows the one to determine the coins of Justine II (565–578) and Tiberios II Constantine (578–582), Maurice Tiberios (582–602), Phokas (602–610), Herakleios (610–641) and Constans II (641–668). The end of the coinage of Cherson under the Emperor Constans II corresponded to the economic crisis described by Pope Martin in his letters, when he was exiled to that city in 655 as an avid opponent of the Monothelitism.","PeriodicalId":41183,"journal":{"name":"Materialy po Arkheologii Istorii i Etnografii Tavrii-Materials in Archaeology History and Ethnography of Tauria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69757565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}