Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi最新文献

{"title":"Purchased German Submarines Before World War II According to Archives","authors":"Ferdi Uyaniker","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148778","url":null,"abstract":"Before World War II, efforts were made to prepare a strong navy to prepare the Turkish Navy for war and to defend the country in a possible war. In the mentioned period, submarines had an undisputed superiority over ships. For surface ships, it was very difficult to detect submarines and to destroy them with the weapons of that period. Aware of this fact, the Turkish Navy personnel wanted to put emphasis on submarines and add new ones to the submarines in order to reinforce their navy. For this purpose, \"Ay Class\" submarines; Saldıray, Batıray, Atılay and Yıldıray named by President Atatürk himself, were ordered to Germany's Germania Werft I. V. S., one of the world's best submarine manufacturers. In this study, explanations about the decision to buy submarines, the ordering and manufacturing processes and costs, were explained by using the archive documents of the Turkish Naval Forces. The information was processed with a scientific and objective point of view. Since the content of the study was not suitable for analysis, synthesis or critical point of view, a more didactic method of presentation was used for the study.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68183648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venedik Cumhuriyeti’nin İstanbul’daki Dragomanları ve Dil Oğlanları Arasında Din Değiştirme (1596-1709)","authors":"Volkan Dökmeci","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148721","url":null,"abstract":"Conversion was an event that had social, political and economic dimensions besides being a religious fact for both Muslim Ottoman Empire and Christian Venetian Republic. From a social point of view, the diversion from the existing traditions of society and the peculiar rules that shaped the social morality was an unacceptable situation for the societies of both states. However, the mobility and intense interactions between societies made the fact of conversion ordinary. From a political point of view, the two states that experienced an intense rivalry in putting the Mediterranean coasts under the influence considered the transfer of their own subjects to the side of the rival state as an unfavourable and risky situation for their spheres of influence. From an economic point of view, it can be seen that certain personal interests, the struggle of the Venetian subjects for releasing from their debts, the attraction of the Ottoman patronage, a plan of career which was founded on the basis of the bonds with the Ottoman ruling élite and society are effective over the conversion of the dragomans of the Venetian Republic. The conversion realized in the framework of religious ideas, principles, and rules on both the Ottoman and Venetian sides. The Ottomans saw the invitation of a non-Muslim person to Islam as a very propitious event from the aspect of religion. The convert person, the one who found the true path with their expression, was assumed to have returned not to a new religion but to the original one which was existent in his or her natality. The acception of the oneness of Almighty and the prophecy of the Prophet Mohammad and the reciting of the kalima shahadah were adequate for the conversion.and no ceremony was held. As for Catholicisim which included the Venetian Republic, being Catholic was possible through the divinal benevolence and mercy. In Catholicism, the reasons of conversion were expressed as a fear of death, an inner conflict, and a struggle with the person’s own will. According to Catholicism, the divinal benevolence of God and the spiritual entity of the Prophet Christ made human being come back to Christianity. The person who would convert to Catholicisim should have behaved under the guidance of his/her intellect. He/she should have carried the wish of faith inside him/her. He/she should have declared that he/she believed that the Catholic Church evangelised the word of God. When these three conditions were fulfilled, the ceremony of baptism woul be held. By swearing on the Bible he/she stated that he/she believed in Catholicism and would abide by the orders. In this article, all these social, political and economic reasons and their outcomes in the presence of the states will be explained through the events that happened and the dragomans who were mentioned. This will help us to have at least partial information about the spiritual and te material worlds of the dragomans. The sect-based conversions will be evaluated rather with","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48335991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Child in with Regards to Legal Status in the Archaic Period Roman Society","authors":"Sevgi Kayak","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148745","url":null,"abstract":"Although a person is first a child and then an adult, the legal world has not been interested in the child enough. This includes the field of legal history. In the oldest ages of history, the child was seen as an object of law, not a subject. This was also the case in the ancient Roman world. In Roman society, the child was not a subject of law within or outside the family, but was a person subject to the father's dominance, without rights in terms of person and property, or who could not use his rights. It is concluded through interpretation that the Romans considered those below the age of 12/14, which has been accepted as the age of physical maturity since the archaic period, as children. In Roman law, there are two basic regimes that determine the legal status of the child: patria potestas/paternal dominance and tutela/guardianship.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48140893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tarafsızlığın Farklı Görünümleri: İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sırasında İspanya ve Türkiye'nin Dış Politikaları","authors":"Uğur Serçe","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148771","url":null,"abstract":"A critical point that is not sufficiently addressed in studies of Second World War is the significant differences between the policies followed by states that did not participate in the war. This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the policies pursued by Spain and Turkey during the war, on the basis that comparative studies on neutral states have the potential to enrich research on the Second World War. Although both countries are generally assessed under the term \"neutrality\", there were important differences between the policies of Spain and Turkey during the Second World War. The variable positions between \"neutrality\" and \"non-belligerency\" of these two states constitute the focus of the analysis. The ideological reasons and conditions that enabled Spain to take a close line to the Axis powers and Turkey to the Allies during the war are also among the points emphasized in the study.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48626544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prokopios’un De Aedificiis adlı eseri, Arkeolojik Buluntular, Yeni Gözlemler ve Gelişmelere göre Erzurum-Trabzon Hattındaki İustinianus Devri Çalışmaları","authors":"Osman Emir","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148726","url":null,"abstract":"In De Aedificiis, Procopius talks about the defensive construction activities carried out in Northeast Anatolia during the reign of Emperor Iustinianus (527-565). However, the locations of these defensive structures mentioned in Procopios are still debated today. The lack of sufficient information on this subject in ancient literary sources, the lack of Archeological findings were the main reasons for the uncertainty about the location of these defensive structures. This study has evaluated the recent survey data of some built-up areas reported on the line of Theodosiopolis (Erzurum)-Trapezus (Trabzon) in the light of archaeological findings and toponymical determinations, and made new suggestions.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68183370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Indonesian-Hadramis’ Cooperation with the Ottoman and the Sending of Indonesian Students to Istanbul, 1880s-1910s","authors":"Alwi Alatas, Alaeddin Tekin","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148561","url":null,"abstract":"In the second half of the 19th century, especially since the 1880s, there was an intense relationship and cooperation between the Hadrami people in the Dutch East Indies (Colonial Indonesia) and the Ottoman government. This cooperation was driven especially by some wealthy Hadrami traders and the Ottoman consuls in Batavia. The Hadrami people in the Dutch East Indies who felt discriminated against by the colonial government then sought after emancipation. They complained about their problems to the Ottoman consuls in Batavia and looked for ways to improve their condition. Some of these wealthy Hadramis were able to send their children for schooling in Istanbul. This study intends to examine in depth about this cooperation, especially in the case of scholarship of some Hadrami students in Istanbul. For this purpose, a number of Ottoman and Dutch archival documents were used and this study will expectedly be able to complement the existing researches on this topic.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68183751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ottoman-Polish Peace of 1630 in the Correspondence of the French Ambassador Comte de Césy and Diplomacy in Istanbul","authors":"M. H. Cevrioğlu","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148711","url":null,"abstract":"Ottoman diplomatic historians have recently suggested that the Ottomans pursued a peaceful foreign policy in the second half of the sixteenth century. The present study argues that such a suggestion reflected itself in the frontier negotiations between the Ottomans and their neighbours in the first half of the seventeenth century. In the case study of the 1630 Ottoman-Polish peace, both the peace negotiations carried out on the Ottoman frontier and the diplomatic dealings of the Polish envoy Aleksander Piaseczyński in Istanbul have been highlighted. Reports of European diplomats in Istanbul, especially the undated documents left behind by the French Ambassador in Istanbul, Comte de Césy regarding Ottoman-Polish relations during the period under study were chosen as the source group. This contribution discusses, by pointing to the failure of both sides to stop Tatar and Cossacks raids, that the Ottomans were not so much interested in concluding an official treaty as in renewing a perfunctory peace in order to avoid war on two fronts and, hence, to preserve their political interests.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49143409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Militaristic Jeo-Politics of Turkish Straits Before WWI: Invasion Plans Produced by Tsarist Russia","authors":"Ismail Köse","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148752","url":null,"abstract":"Turkish Straits, located at the southern border line of Asia and Europe, during the historical span were one of the basic reasons caused numbers of wars, conflicts, and alliances. The diplomatic, political and judicial developments of 218 years lasting period between Petro the Great and WWI mostly has been steered Ottoman Russian conflict on Straits. Turkish Straits were the focus point of that period European power diplomacy also affected the process. While the desire to owe Straits became major foreign policy scope of Tsarist Russia Ottoman Empire and European big powers used almost all means they had to keep Russia far from the Straits. When conditions changed, politics, alliances and rivalries which Straits were the focus point also changed but the main pivot of Ottoman Russian conflict and struggle never changed. Tsarist Russia, by declaring any measure or fortification at the northern entrance of Straits as a hostile act tried to obstruct any attempt which would endanger its warships’ passage through Straits. That policy was in use for a definite period. At the eve of WWI, Russia generated more aggressive policy toward Straits, number of plans have been made by Russia to invade Straits. Balance of power and alliance formations of the era forced Russia to postpone its planned operations, before implementation of last plan WWI has broken out.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48064027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Efforts to Extend Cinema Activities in People’s Houses and Its Constraints","authors":"Özgür Adadağ","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148532","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of the People’s Houses that were opened in various provinces of Turkey in 1932 was to disseminate the principles of the revolution. One of the tools that were used to achieve this goal was cinema. Since the mid-1930s, the Republican People's Party (RPP) carried out works to ensure that as many people's houses as possible have film projectors, to supply the films to be screened and to assure the screenings take place regularly in the people's houses. However, the Party experienced various problems, particularly in finding \"educational films\" to be screened in people's houses, tried to find solutions to them, yet by the end of the 1940s, the Party was far from reaching its initial goals. This study which is based on the written correspondences -that are part of the archival records- among various units of the state, party and the people’s houses and local governors, examines the attempts of RPP in making use of cinema, and the problems and constraints it encountered during this process. Thus, it is aimed to provide a basic framework about the attempts to benefit from cinema as a propaganda tool in the first years of the Turkish Republic.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49219401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Boycott Movement Against the American Singer Manufacturing Company in İzmir and its Neighbourhood (1910-1911)","authors":"Feyza KURNAZ ŞAHİN","doi":"10.18513/egetid.1148756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18513/egetid.1148756","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was defined as to examine the boycott starting against the American Singer Manufacturing Company (SMC) in İzmir and its neighbourhood in the years 1910-1911. Within the frame of the Singer boycott, the reaction against foreigners and its influence in İzmir and around were also analysed in the study. The first boycott in the Ottoman State started due to the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria in 1908. Afterwards, the Greek boycott occurred because of the Crete issue in 1910-1911. As an extension of the Greek boycott, a boycott arose also against the American SMC in Aydın province in 1910. The reason for the boycott was that most of the company employees were Greek. İzmir Boykotaj Cemiyeti (İzmir Boycott Association) asked for dismissal of the Greek citizens working for the company. SMC protected its employees for the reason that its works would not be failed in Ottoman lands. Eventually, the boycott started against the company in İzmir and its neighbourhood and later in Ayvalık. The boycott caused a tension between American Embassy and Ottoman bureaucratic positions. The boycott against SMC should be evaluated in the scope of Greek boycott rather than a reaction against America. The main sources of the study were the Ottoman Archive Documents of the State Archives Department of the Presidency and periodicals of the time.","PeriodicalId":40948,"journal":{"name":"Tarih Incelemeleri Dergisi","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49617475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}