Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research最新文献

{"title":"Student Adaptation to College Survey: The Role of Self-Compassion in College Adjustment","authors":"H. Scott, Elizabeth Donovan","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.JN26.2.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN26.2.101","url":null,"abstract":"The transition from high school to college is a major life event for many students and can be a difficult adjustment (American College Health Association, 2019). The American College Health Association (ACHA; 2019) found that stress was the leading factor affecting academic performance, endorsed by 36.5% of undergraduate students surveyed, followed by anxiety (29.5%), sleep difficulties (24.3%), and depression (21.6%). Similarly, Beiter et al. (2015) found that depression, anxiety, and stress levels were all positively correlated with life concerns such as academic performance, pressure to succeed, post-graduation plans, financial concerns, quality of sleep, relationships with friends, relationship with family, overall health, body image, and self-esteem. The ACHA reported that college students endorsed the following factors as being difficult or traumatic to handle: academics (52.7%), career-related issues (29.0%), family problems (33.9%), intimate relationship (33.1%), and finances (37.8%). This all suggests that stress, anxiety, and depression related to multiple domains of life (i.e., academics, social, and personal) negatively affect the lives of college students. One factor that has been found to be associated with a range of positive psychosocial outcomes, ABSTRACT. The transition from high school to college can be a difficult adjustment for many students. Self-compassion, however, has been found to be associated with a range of positive psychosocial outcomes, and may also be associated with college adjustment. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between self-compassion and overall college adjustment. Fifty-seven female college students (M = 19.20 years, SD = 1.05) recruited from psychology classes participated in the study. Students completed the Self-Compassion Scale and Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire and responded to open-ended questions about their adjustment to college. Pearson’s correlations revealed significant linear associations between total self-compassion and overall college adjustment, r(57) = .28, p = .04, and between various subscales of self-compassion and college adjustment. Multiple regression analysis found that first-generation and commuter student status significantly predicted mindfulness, measured as a component of self-compassion, F(3, 52) = 3.47, p = .02, R2 = .17. Finally, hierarchical regression analysis indicated that, after controlling for student group status, higher levels of self-compassion were significantly associated with higher college adjustment scores, F(4,51) = 3.18, p = .02, R 2 = .20. Analysis of the open-ended questions revealed 3 overarching themes regarding students’ beliefs about college adjustment: (a) the importance of friends, (b) the importance of parental support, and (c) the importance of self-kindness. Overall, this study contributed to the understanding of college adjustment by looking at the role of self-compassion. Preliminary considerations for i","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121893184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can You Raed This Srcmabeld Msesgae? Testing a Mass E-mail Assertion","authors":"J. Stover, Tiffany Dismuke, C. Nelson, Jon E. Grahe","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN11.2.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN11.2.77","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122030863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kill One to Save Five? How Time Pressure, Religiosity, and Framing Effects Impact Utilitarian Judgments","authors":"Michael R. Apostol, Laura M. Getz","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.jn27.1.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn27.1.33","url":null,"abstract":"The dual-process model states that utilitarian judgments occur through effortful, rather than automatic, processes. In 3 studies, we built on this model by evaluating how framing effects and religiosity impact utilitarian judgments. Study 1 (N = 120) incorporated a 2 x 2 design in which participants rated the moral permissibility of a utilitarian judgment vignette, which varied in subject frame and decision time. Religiosity scores were recorded. The results indicated that moral permissibility judgments did not differ if made automatically or deliberately, F(1, 116) = 0.33, p = .57, nor were they influenced by subject frame, F(1, 116) = 0.25, p = .62, or religiosity, F(1, 116) = 1.09, p = .30. Study 2 (N = 42) addressed low ecological validity ratings of the vignette in Study 1. By comparing 5 potential utilitarian vignettes, a grocery store vignette was found to be the most ecologically valid, p < .001. Thus, Study 3 (N = 81) was a replication of Study 1 using the new vignette. To better test the dual-process model, half of the participants deliberated for 30 seconds before making a judgment about the moral permissibility of the utilitarian behavior, whereas the other half made the judgment automatically. Despite efforts to invoke effortful deliberation, the results mirrored those of Study 1, p > .05. Taken together, these 3 studies indicated that utilitarian judgments can be endorsed without deliberation, which suggests that the dual-process model needs further scrutiny. Additionally, future research should prioritize ecological validity when relying on vignettes to study moral processes.","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122181465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpersonal Identity Cues: The Effect of Therapist Identity on Expectations for the Therapeutic Relationship","authors":"J. Philip, Melanie R. Maimon","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.jn28.1.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn28.1.67","url":null,"abstract":"Identity cues can impact levels of comfort for marginalized individuals in various contexts, including STEM fields and medical spaces. In this study, we examined whether a therapist’s personality and race can serve as identity cues for racial/ethnic minority clients and affect the therapeutic relationship. We recruited Asian American and Hispanic/Latinx women (N = 260) for a 3 (trait: high agreeableness, low agreeableness, control) x 2 (race: Black, White) between-subjects experimental study to test the effects of a therapist’s race and personality traits on women’s expectations for a therapeutic relationship and anticipated prejudice from the therapist. We found that racial/ethnic minority women anticipated a more genuine relationship, F(1, 252) = 10.36, p = .001, ηp2 = .04, with a Black female therapist and perceived her to be more culturally competent, F(1, 252) = 20.04, p < .001, ηp2 = .07, and less likely to be racist, F(1, 252) = 12.68, p < .001, ηp2 = .05, than a White female therapist. We found no significant differences in perceived prejudice based on the therapist’s personality. Similarly, there were no significant differences in expectations for the therapeutic relationship based on therapist personality.","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122206413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription Medication, Backward Masking Performance, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder","authors":"Lindsey N. Smith, M. Gaines","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN10.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN10.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129631511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can Health Behaviors and Motives Predict College Students' Self-Esteem?","authors":"Chelsea R. Fielder-Jenks","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN15.3.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN15.3.143","url":null,"abstract":"A sample of 268 college students completed a 98-item questionnaire that surveyed their knowledge of eating and exercise recommendations, their eating and exercise motives and behaviors, and their self-esteem. A regression analysis using afonuard method of entry was used to investigate whether certain food choice motives, exercise motives, knowledge of diet and physical activity recommendations, and healthy eating and physical activity behaviors can predict college students ' self-esteem. The first variable to enter the model and significantly increase the amount of variance explained was the food motive of mood fs = 0.23; B? change = 0.07; F(l, 209) = 13.90, p < .001). The food motive of health entered next and significantly increased the amount of variance explained (s = -0.21; B? change = 0.07; F(2, 208) = 16.22, p < .001). The final three variables to enter and significantly increase the amount of variance explained were the following: the exercise motive of health (s = -0.23; E? change = 0.02; F(3, 207) = 12.89, p< .001); the exercise motive of attractiveness (s = 0.22; R^ change = 0.03; F(4, 206) = 12.14, p < .001); and the food motive of ethical concern fs = 0.16; R^ change = 0.02; F(5, 205) = 11.07, p < .001). No other variables significantly explained additional variance in self-esteem. These findings suggest that for college students, certain food and exercise motives are related to self-esteem. The potential impact of college students ' health-related motives and behaviors on self-esteem may be beneficial in developing interventions related to health and self-esteem.","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128206111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implicit Indicators of Women's Persistence in Math, Science, and Engineering","authors":"Lora E. Park, K. Cook, A. Greenwald","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN6.4.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN6.4.145","url":null,"abstract":"The disproportionate dropout rate of female college students from math, science, and engineering (MSE) fields has recently received much attention (Brainard, Laurich-McIntyre, & Mobley, 1995; Carlin, 1997). The reasons for women’s higher attrition rate from MSE fields remain unclear. Eighty 1st-year university students with a preexisting interest in MSE completed a computer task—the Implicit Association Test (IAT)—that measured identification with MSE, gender stereotypes regarding MSE, and attitudes toward MSE on an implicit, nonconscious level. Results indicated that women showed less implicit identification with MSE than did men, and that men showed stronger implicit stereotypes about MSE being “male” fields. Surprisingly, although men and women held negative implicit attitudes toward MSE, they did not differ significantly from each other in their implicit MSE attitudes. These results may have implications for better understanding women’s persistence in MSE. LORA E. PARK","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128225064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Benefits of a Bigger Toolbox: Mixed Methods in Psychological Research","authors":"Debi Brannan","doi":"10.24839/2164-8204.JN20.4.258","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2164-8204.JN20.4.258","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128351280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Local and Global Visual Cues on the Tilt Illusion","authors":"Ellen L. Schroeder, Amber Levendusky","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN11.2.51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN11.2.51","url":null,"abstract":"decades. Illusions such as the rod and frame illusion (e.g., Daini, Wenderoth & Smith, 2003) and the Ponzo illusion (e.g. Prinzmetal, Shimamura, & Mikolinski, 2001) show how easily people can have misperceptions in everyday situations. Such illusions occur when there are inconsistencies between physical events and the perception of those events. The research presented here is based on Gibson and Radner’s (1937) work on the tilt illusion (TI). The TI is an illusion of orientation where a vertical line appears to be rotated away from nearby, slanted inducing, or background lines (see Figure 1). Gibson and Radner also studied the tilt after effect (TAE), where inducing lines that are tilted from the vertical axis are shown to the participant for a brief period of time and then the stimulus is removed. The tilted lines are replaced with a single line that they must adjust to the vertical axis. The TAE is observed when the subject’s line adjustment consistently deviates from the vertical in the same direction as the previously shown inducing lines. For both the TI and the TAE, direct and indirect effects can occur. Direct (contrast) effects occur when the test line appears to be rotated away from the inducing lines and can be found when the angular separation between the test and inducing lines are in the range of 0–50o. In a direct effect, the acute angle appears to expand. An indirect (assimilation) effect, on the other hand, occurs when the test line appears to be rotated towards the inducing line and can be found when the angular separation is greater than 50o. In an indirect effect, the acute angle appears to contract. Gibson and Radner (1937) explained the TAE illusions by a process they called normalization. Through normalization, Gibson and Radner hypothesized that the TAE occurred because prolonged assessment of the tilted inducing stimulus lines resulted in adapting the tilted lines to local cues. Thus, inducing lines that are tilted 15o from vertical will seem less tilted after inspection. Because the whole visual field appears to be tilted towards the vertical axis, an objectively vertical line will appear to be tilted in the opposite direction. This theory is not well supported by the data (Wenderoth & Johnstone, 1988). The normalization theory predicts that the direct and indirect TI should be symmetrical, changing from direct to indiELLEN L. SCHROEDER","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128703140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manual Responses Are Verbally Mediated in Stroop Identification Tasks","authors":"Rachel L. Bearden, Shirin Asgari, Kenith V. Sobel, M. T. Scoles","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.JN26.2.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN26.2.121","url":null,"abstract":"In a typical Stroop experiment, participants view a color word written in a color that is either congruent or incongruent with the word’s meaning and identify either the target’s color (Stroop condition) or meaning (reverse Stroop condition). Incongruent words generally interfere with identifying the target color more than incongruent colors interfere with identifying the target word. A common explanation for this classic asymmetry asserts that vocally identifying the target’s color or meaning relies on a verbal code, which biases attention to the target’s meaning over its color. However, the asymmetry also occurs with nonverbal keypress responses, so participants may covertly map verbal codes onto keys to remember which key represents each color. To verify this verbal mediation hypothesis, we presented Stroop color-word targets along with 4 cues to help participants remember which key represented each color. In one condition the cues were color words, and in the other the cues were color patches. We hypothesized that the word cues would elicit the classic asymmetry and color cues would abolish this asymmetry. The results supported our hypotheses; for word cues the Stroop effect was larger than the reverse Stroop effect, p < .001, ηp = .64, and color cues abolished this difference, p < .001, ηp = .31. This study is the first to provide direct confirmation of the verbal mediation hypothesis and suggests that task demands are more important than the response modality (vocal versus manual) for biasing processing toward one of the Stroop target’s features.","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129170132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}