Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research最新文献

{"title":"No Suicidal Contagion in High School Students Who Knew a Suicidal Person","authors":"C. Foster, L. Range","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN2.3.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN2.3.99","url":null,"abstract":"To ascertain whether high school students report being adversely impacted by knowing of a suicide, 88 mainstream (h = 20) or disaffected (n = 68) high school students from four different public high schools in the Southeast answered, questions about their personal experiences and reactions to stressful life events. During school, students received parental consent forms (approximately 44% of which were returned completed). Those who tfien assented themselves completed the Impact of Event Scale about a suicide (or another stressful event), the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire. Disaffected students were enrolled in an in-school program for at-risk students. Average scores, consistent with research on college students, reflected a loiv level of suicidal ideas. Those who knew someone luho attempted or committed suicide (n =19) were no more suicidal than those who reported a different stressful life event (h = 64), and all were impacted about the same in terms of both intrusion and avoidance. Disaffected students were no different from mainstream students in suicidality or impact. Apparently, high school students report moderate amounts of intrusion and avoidance following stressful events, whether the stressful event is knowing someone who commits suicide or something else such as death or divorce in the family.","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123657490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorting Fact From Fiction Without Source Evaluation Is a 50-50 Guess in the Disinformation Age","authors":"Andreas Endresen, Amanda T. Campbell, Bridget Torresson, Christopher P. Terry","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.3.213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.jn25.3.213","url":null,"abstract":"Today, more than ever, many people have instant access to information from millions of sources available in their pockets through smartphones and other internet-connected devices. Unfortunately, people may be easily exposed to fraudulent information that is accidentally spread (misinformation) or deliberately distributed (disinformation). Colloquially, either type of false information may be referred to as “fake news.” However, a growing concern with the widespread use of this term is how to distinguish legitimate information from that which should correctly be rejected as fake (Lazer et al., 2018). In fact, warning signs are emerging that suggest this task may become increasingly more difficult as coordinated disinformation efforts through social media manipulation have now reached an unprecedented global scale. Bradshaw and Howard (2019) reported that the number of countries using organized social media manipulation campaigns more than doubled from 2017 to 2019.","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116820270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Education, Research, and Practice for a Diverse World","authors":"Debi Brannan","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.JN24.2.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN24.2.74","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116880090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile Phones and Physical Pain","authors":"Monica N. Van Wilpe, Marc A. Sestir, Lindsay A. Kennedy","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.JN23.5.390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN23.5.390","url":null,"abstract":"Mobile phones have become a pervasive part of American life over the past 40 years. According to the Pew Research Center’s Mobile Fact Sheet (2017), mobile phone ownership has steadily risen to an overwhelming 95% of Americans. Additionally, smartphone use among Americans has increased from 35% in 2011 to 64% in 2015 (Smith, 2015). Smartphones can be used for everything from text messaging and e-mail, to video and music streaming. Given their useful capabilities combined with their ever-growing accessibility, it is not difficult to understand why mobile phones and the impact of these devices intrigue researchers of all fields, especially psychologists. Although research on the psychological and social effects of mobile phone usage is limited, the findings have been substantial. Attachment to mobile phones has been found to mirror conventional social attachment (Konok, Pogány, & Miklósi, 2017), and can be impactful enough to cause feelings of social exclusion or inclusion. For example, Smith and Williams (2004) used mobile phone text messages to evoke imagined ostracism in participants to test if it would cause psychological pain. They found that imagined ostracism from the text messages was just as effective as real-life ostracism in causing psychological pain and feelings of social exclusion. Conversely, Barlott, Adams, Diaz, and Molina (2014) found that caregivers who suffered from social exclusion found social comfort in participating in a community text messaging program. Both of these studies involved participants primarily or exclusively receiving text messages, yet even this passive usage of one’s mobile phone was enough to significantly alter levels of social pain or comfort. Extending these results to test physical pain and physical pain relief via mobile phones would be of great use to the field, specifically in the way of pain interventions. Physiological and psychological connections ABSTRACT. Mobile phones and their psychological effects have been a point of interest for researchers in recent years. Although research has assessed the effects of active mobile phone use on pain management (e.g., Wiederhold, Gao, Kong, & Wiederhold, 2014), most mobile phone interaction is passive. If personal phones are associated with social support, the mere presence/absence of a mobile phone may influence pain responses. Our study aimed to test this effect. A sample of 100 were randomly assigned to hold a mobile phone or television remote control while a cold pressor task was used to ethically induce acute pain. During the task, pain threshold and tolerance were recorded. Afterward, subjective pain, social support, current emotions, perceived mobile phone attachment, and mobile phone usage were also measured. The mobile phone group reported marginally higher pain thresholds, F(4, 95) = 0.47, p = .76, R2 = .02, and showed marginally greater pain tolerance, F(4, 95) = 1.98, p = .10, R2 = .08, than the remote control group. The effects did not rise to t","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"362 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120838243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Interview With Stephen F. Davis","authors":"C. Koch","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN13.4.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN13.4.155","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"58 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120852741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Children's Attention to Rules in Sorting Cards: Distinguishing Between Theories of Cognitive Development","authors":"K. Haas, Marilyn R. De Mers, B. Fulton, Katherine N. Terrana, J. J. Horton","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN15.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN15.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright 2010 by Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology (Vol. 15, No. 1/ISSN 1089-4136) Children’s use and redirection of attention continues to be an important topic in the field of child development. Zelazo, Frye, and Rapus (1996) developed the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task to explore specific changes in 3and 4-year-olds’ use and redirection of attention. In the DCCS task, children are asked to sort cards based on the dimensions of shape or color. The cards used in the original task had pictures of red and blue bunnies and boats. In the first aspect of the task, children were asked to sort the cards based on one dimension and 3and 4-year-olds were both able to perform well. In the next aspect of the task, children were asked to sort by the second dimension. There was no significant difference between the 4-year-olds’ performance on each aspect; however, 3-year-olds continued to sort cards in the second aspect of the task by the rule of the first aspect despite understanding both rules (Zelazo et al., 1996). It is unclear why the developmental shift occurs, and this phenomenon has become the focus of further research. Zelazo et al. (1996) developed the Cognitive Complexity and Control (CCC) theory to explain that 3-year-olds cannot apply higher order rules, which are necessary in switching from the first aspect in the task to the second aspect. They determined that self-reflection and development of higher order rules help children inhibit perseveration (Happaney & Zelazo, 2003). In addition, children’s perseveration or success is not necessarily a function of the inhibitory processes alone, but also depend on working memory capacity (Munakata, Morton, & Yerys, 2003). CCC theory proposes a hierarchical rule system that is organized into two levels. The top level is a conscious system that controls the lower level, which is an unconscious response to stimuli directed by relational associations that acts as a representational mechanism. Development enables the representational mechanism to maintain increasingly complex hierarchies. The complexity of hierarchies is determined by the number of levels embedded in the rules of that hierarchy (Kirkham, Cruess, & Diamond, 2003). The research on CCC theory has become a predominant explanation for 3-year-olds’ performance on the DCCS task. Although the CCC theory explained many findings by Zelazo and his fellow researchers (1996), Diamond et al. (2002) found that there is little improvement in younger children’s performance on the DCCS task when a higher order rule reduces the number of rules being presented, contradictory to CCC theory. In their study, 4and 4 1⁄2-year-olds were given cards with either a sun or a moon and asked to say “night” when given a card with a picture of the sun and “day” when given a card with a picture of a moon. This required the children to use two different rules to complete the task: one regarding the picture of a sun, and one regarding the picture","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124721447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Side-Effect Effect Take 2","authors":"Denise C. Keeran, J. Burmeister","doi":"10.24839/2164-8204.JN21.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2164-8204.JN21.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125005448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to Prepare Theses and Dissertations for Publication in Peer-Reviewed Journals","authors":"Erin E. Ayala","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.JN23.4.268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN23.4.268","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128558744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Did She Say? An Examination of the Influence of Conversation and Media Exposure on Participants' Body Objectification and Anxiety","authors":"Anna-Lena Cory, Susan R. Burns","doi":"10.24839/1089-4136.JN12.3.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.JN12.3.97","url":null,"abstract":"dissatisfaction with their bodies comes from the thin body ideal of Western societies; the tendency for women to view their body as an object rather than a functioning system; and the “thin is good” assumption that emphasizes the rewards of being attractive or thin and the costs of being unattractive or fat (Morrison, Kalin, & Morrison, 2004). Interestingly, the discrepancy between the definition of the ideal female body and the actual size of women’s bodies is increasing. It has been reported that whereas the average American woman under thirty has become increasingly heavier, media images of women have become increasingly thinner (Wiseman, Gray, Mosimann, & Ahrens, 1992). The emphasis placed on women’s physical appearance and the ways in which media represents women’s bodies may contribute to the acceptance of a body as an object orientation (Morrison et al.).","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129925560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Materialism and Drinking Motives: Examining the Longitudinal Associations in an Undergraduate Sample","authors":"Ishaq Malik, E. Toombs, Aislin R. Mushquash, Daniel S. McGrath, C. Mushquash","doi":"10.24839/2325-7342.JN26.2.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24839/2325-7342.JN26.2.157","url":null,"abstract":"Frequent alcohol use is associated with impairments in an individual’s health and with associated negative outcomes. Impairments include neurocognitive deficits, neurodegeneration, impaired functional brain activity, and decreased cognitive performance (Zeigler et al. , 2005). Negative outcomes include altered sleep schedules, poor academic performance (Singleton & Wolfson, 2009), and increased injury rates (Jackson et al., 2005). Young adults attending college and university often partake in greater experimentation and alcohol use (Karam et al., 2007). O’Malley and Johnston (2002) found that approximately 40% of American college students were heavy drinkers (i.e., had 5 or more consecutive drinks in the past 2 weeks), and had increased alcohol use when compared to similar-aged young adults not attending college. It is therefore important to examine individual differences in psychological characteristics predisposing or preceding alcohol use in college students to inform prevention and treatment efforts and reduce overall harms. One factor that may be important and overlooked in the alcohol literature is materialism. The self-determination theory posited by Deci and Ryan (1985) suggests that individuals have three fundamental psychological needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness to others. Based on this theory, Kasser and Ryan (1996) ABSTRACT. Alcohol use is common among individuals attending university and frequent use is associated with several negative effects. It is therefore important to assess individual difference factors preceding alcohol use. Materialism, a value one holds that prioritizes status through the acquisition of money and possessions, has received minimal research focus in relation to alcohol use and has predominantly been examined using cross-sectional designs (i.e., data collected at one time point). The present study was the first to test the association between materialism, risky drinking motives (i.e., motives preceding alcohol use associated with increased consumption and related problems), and risky personality traits (i.e., stable characteristics associated with frequent substance use and related problems) using a short-term longitudinal design. Undergraduate student drinkers (N = 317) completed self-report questionnaires at baseline and follow-up (2 weeks later). Hierarchical regression analyses found that greater levels of materialism significantly predicted each drinking motive while controlling for risky personality traits. Materialism significantly predicted drinking to cope with depression when controlling for trait hopelessness (β = .16, p = .014), drinking to cope with anxiety while controlling for anxiety sensitivity (β = .11, p = .024), and drinking for enhancement while controlling for sensation seeking (β = .24, p < .001). Results provide evidence that materialism is associated with risky drinking motives, which may inform prevention and treatment efforts for problematic use among undergraduate student","PeriodicalId":407971,"journal":{"name":"Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129928838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}