Geographical Review of Japan-Series B最新文献

{"title":"Holocene Vegetation and Climate History of the Cheshskaya Bay Region, SE Barents Sea, Inferred from the First Pollen Archives","authors":"O. Rudenko, E. Taldenkova","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.82","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.82","url":null,"abstract":"First high-resolution micropaleontologic investigation was carried out for bottom sediments of the Cheshskaya Bay (SE Barents Sea) and marine beds exposed in abrasive terrace along the eastern coast of the Kanin Peninsula. Sediments from 2 gravity cores and a 7.5-m thick terrace section were analyzed for pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs (NPP), including spores, freshwater green algae and cysts of marine dinoflagellates. The age of the sediments was constrained by the reference to the regional sea-level history from the earliest Holocene to present, thus the pollen records reveal the environmental history for the last ca. 10.0 ka. Sparse treeless vegetation with dwarf Betula and halophytic inhabitants of seaside watts (cereals, wormwood and sedges) indicating arctic desert environment with colder and drier than present climate dominated the Cheshskaya Bay coast during the early Preboreal period. Gradual advance of shrubby-birch and piny forest-tundra with alder communities along river valleys resulted from significant climate amelioration which concurred with the Pholas inundation since the Boreal period. Postdated expansion of tree-birch inland the Kanin Peninsula and firry-birch light-forests along the Cheshskaya Bay coast marked the Holocene regional climate optimum. Re-establishment of the dwarf-birch and piny forest tundra signalized vegetation feedback to the cooling since the end of Atlantic period.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"32 1","pages":"82-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83856431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing Afforestation with Grain Production and Water Use for Sustainable Effects of Soil Conservation in the Chinese Loess Plateau","authors":"M. Kohei","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.99","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese Loess Plateau experiences the most severe soil erosion in the world, induced by the destruction of natural vegetation for cultivation. To stop soil erosion, in 1999 the Chinese government began an intensive afforestation program named Grain-for-Green-Policy in order to convert steep cultivated land to forest and grassland. Balancing afforestation with grain production and water use is crucial for obtaining sustainable effects of soil conservation. This study assessed the current balance among afforestation, grain production, and water use in river basins on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Annual afforested area, planted area of grain fields, precipitation, and irrigated area in these river basins were compared based on the data collected from the statistical yearbooks of the Yan’an City. River discharge and sediment yield in the areas were compared based on data collected from the Annual Report on Chinese Soil Conservation. The evapotranspiration rates of the main crops cultivated in each river basin were also compared. Collectively, the data suggest that the balance between afforestation, grain production, and water use has been improved by the Grain-for-Green-Policy in the river basins on the Chinese Loess Plateau.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"58 1","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77875829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Little Portugal and the Changing Spatial Structure of the Portuguese Community in Toronto","authors":"Takahashi Koki","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.88.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.88.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to propose an alternative framework for examining the transformation process of traditional ethnic neighborhoods and understanding the changing spatial structure of ethnic communities in multiethnic cities in contemporary North America. Since the beginning of immigration, the Portuguese have been residing in Toronto for more than half a century. This community now faces a generational change. Toronto’s Portuguese community is examined by focusing on the ethnic functions that comprise its residences, businesses, and organizations in order to dismantle the complicated spatial structure of today’s ethnic community. From the 1970s through the early 1980s, such ethnic functions were concentrated in Little Portugal, located near downtown Toronto. During the 1980s, however, Portuguese residential space began to spread from Little Portugal to Toronto’s northern corridor and western suburbs. After the mid-1990s, Portuguese organizations relocated to the northern corridor. Moreover, the number of Portuguese businesses has decreased since the beginning of the 2000s, consequent to the aging of first-generation Portuguese and the inflow of non-Portuguese people, or gentrifiers. In other words, ethnic functions relocated from Little Portugal in multiple stages. However, Portuguese entrepreneurs still manage approximately half of the businesses in Little Portugal, and this traditional ethnic neighborhood remains the core area of the Portuguese community. Today, the Portuguese in Toronto utilize plural spaces depending on the content of their activities. Although the Portuguese community is spatially dispersed, its social ties are maintained on the basis of ethnicity, and these three spaces are thus closely connected with each other.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"627 1","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77025244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and Development Processes of Wetlands on Landslides in the Hachimantai Volcanic Group, NE Japan","authors":"Sasaki Natsuki, Sugai Toshihiko","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.103","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines geomorphological controls on the distribution and development of wetlands in the Hachimantai Volcanic Group, northeastern Japan. The study area is dissected by various sizes of landslides and has many wetlands of varied origin. Among 526 wetlands in the study area, 195 are on landslides and account for 63.9% of the total area of wetlands. Wetlands outside of landslides tend to be found in clusters on undissected volcanic surfaces. Many of these are small wetlands in nivation hollows that are supplied by meteoric water from snow, and some of them are ponds in the craters of Hachimantai volcano and large peat bogs on lava flows. Wetlands inside landslides are widely scattered in large or deep depressions along landslide scarps and in small depressions among pressure ridges. Many of these are ponds supplied mainly by groundwater. Large landslides tend to have ponds. On the larger landslides, depressions created by landslide processes provide favorable conditions for the development of wetlands, and their size is constrained by the microtopography of the landslide surface. When drainage channels that dissect landslide bodies breach these closed depressions, the wetlands there progress rapidly from ponds to peat bogs. Landslide activities can create wetlands of various ages, and the dissection of landslide bodies controls the developmental stages of these wetlands. Therefore, a large landslide may contain coexisting wetlands of various ages and types.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"3 1","pages":"103-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76245840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Doreen Massey’s 2014 Tokyo Lecture","authors":"Morino Masato","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.74","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.74","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"2 1","pages":"74-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78860875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Middle and Late Holocene Vegetation and Climate History of the Forest-steppe Ecotone Area in the Central Part of European Russia","authors":"E. Novenko, E. Volkova","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.91","url":null,"abstract":"The paper discusses the new results of vegetation and climate reconstructions based on pollen data from the area of the forest-steppe ecotone area in the central part of European Russia (the Upper Don River basin). The obtained evidence shows he occurrence of open forest-steppe and steppe landscape in the studied area during the Middle and Late Holocene. Climatic reconstructions using the best-modern-analogue (BMA) technique show that landscape dynamics in the region were driven by changes in effective moisture: an excess of precipitation over evaporation. The reductions in annual precipitation in 50–100 mm were sufficient to increase the share of steppe communities in the complex landscape (in time periods 7000–6000, 2500–1700 cal yr BP) and, probably, higher frequencies of wildfires. Signals of anthropogenic disturbance of vegetation are clearly pronounced in the pollen and plant macrofossil records since the middle Atlantic. However, human-induced changes in the vegetation remained subtle until the medieval period.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"51 1","pages":"91-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86977174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Access to Livelihood Assets under the Influence of a Climate Event in Upland Northern Laos","authors":"Ingxay Phanxay, Hirota Isao, Yokoyama Satoshi","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.131","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the effects of a climate event on livelihood assets of households in upland northern Laos, when the early onset of the rainy season as a result of climate change led to a failure to burn swidden systems. A Sustainable Livelihoods Framework is applied to estimate rural livelihood assets associated with differences in climate conditions, such as the 2010 normal climate and the 2011 climate event, and to compare household strategies in each climate condition. The findings indicate that natural capital had the highest index value in the 2010 normal climate, whereas human capital had the highest value in the 2011 climate event. Financial capital had the lowest index in both climate conditions. Residents at the research site were better off in terms of natural capital but worse off in terms of financial capital. This indicates that the government and other rural development agencies should not only manage natural resources; income-generation activities are also needed. We conclude that natural resources, as well as non-timber forest product (NTFP) gathering and off-farm activity, were the most important strategies for the entire research site under the normal climate condition. NTFP gathering and outside work are important in meeting subsistence needs and augmenting income levels in households when the rainy season begins early as a result of climate change. Outside employment was an additional strategy in households to achieve their livelihood goals, including food security and household income generation, under conditions of economic change and climate events.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"37 1","pages":"131-145"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75505977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-landform Structure and Tree Distribution in Subalpine Riparian Area of V-shaped Valley, Minami Alps, Central Japan","authors":"Kondo Hirofumi, Sakai Akiko","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.88.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.88.23","url":null,"abstract":"Riparian areas are unique habitats that contribute to biodiversity, so they have been focused on in many regions; however, subalpine riparian forests have hardly been examined in Japan. We investigated the micro-landform structure and spatial pattern of tree distributions in a V-shaped valley at 2,000–2,200 m a.s.l. in the Minami Alps, central Japan, using a 0.42 ha core-plot and 16 belt-transects set in a headwater area of Norogawa River. As riparian topographical components, channel, floodplain, scarp of terrace and terrace were detected, which were arranged roughly from lower to higher elevations from streams, as well as mountain slope as a micro-landform unit outside the riparian area. Single-layered floodplain, conspicuous terrace segments and the probable lack of a lower sideslope were identified as features that differ from those found in previous studies on other climatic/largescale geomorphological conditions. The distribution of deciduous species was biased to lower elevations, with the representatives Salix cardiophylla var. urbaniana on floodplains and Alnus matsumurae on scarps of terraces. These micro-landform units were recognized as a riparian zone in terms of vegetation. Meanwhile, climatic climax evergreen conifers, mainly Abies veitchii, Tsuga diversifolia and A. mariesii, dominated not only mountain slopes but also terraces, indicating that terraces are upland areas in terms of their vegetation. A much smaller area, low species diversity and an assumed direct succession from pioneer to climax phase, because of poor long-lived riparian species capable of forming a midor late successional phase, were properties differing from those found in previous studies on other climatic/geomorphological conditions.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"13 1","pages":"23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83698957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Climate Changes on Net Ecosystem Exchange of CO2 and Evapotranspiration of a Tropical Rain Forest","authors":"A. Olchev, G. Gravenhorst","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.122","url":null,"abstract":"The possible changes of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of CO2 and evapotranspiration (E) of a tropical rain forest due to climate change are described using a process-based CO2/H2O exchange model (Mixfor-SVAT). Projections of future climate conditions are provided by a global ECHAM5 model for the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A1B. As a key region for this study, the tropical rain forest situated in Lore-Lindu National park in Central Sulawesi in Indonesia was selected. Results of the modeling experiments showed a very high sensitivity of NEE and E of this tropical rain forest to both the projected climate changes and the possible reduction of nutrients in plants due to the impact of gradually elevated CO2 in the air and depletion of soil nutrient resources. Under optimal conditions for carbon assimilation and biomass production, i.e. when the CO2 increase in the air is strictly balanced with nutrient supply, the projected climate changes will lead to increase of Gross Primary Production (GPP) by 21.3%, insignificant change of annual NEE and decrease of E by 18%. The ratio of E and precipitation, which determines the surface moisture conditions, decreases by 29.9% (from 0.78 to 0.55). It can lead to increases of soil wetness, ground water level and surface runoff in the study area in future. Limited nutrient supply can significantly reduce GPP, NEE and E. In particular the decrease of nutrient supply of about 20% can completely offset the possible GPP increase due to projected increases of temperature and CO2 concentration in the air.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"49 1","pages":"122-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90535402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface for the Special Issue on “Environment Evolution and Human Activity in the Late Quaternary: Geographical Pattern”","authors":"Sugai Toshihiko, E. Novenko","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.87.80","url":null,"abstract":"This issue is dedicated to the topics discussed in the Environment Evolution Commission’s session at the Kyoto Regional Conference of the International Geographical Union, held from 4 to 9 August 2013. The main goals of the issue are: (1) to discuss various topics regarding environmental evolution in different areas during the Pleistocene and Holocene; (2) to quantify and analyze the recent and proposed future climatic trends in the region; and (3) to estimate the human impacts on ecosystems under present and future climatic conditions in the Eurasian and Western Pacific region. To understand the contemporary state of this system, it is necessary to perform an evolutionary analysis of terrestrial environments, one that estimates its stability and variability as influenced by closely interrelated natural environmental trends and anthropogenic impacts. Thus, a natural trend toward cooling, as identified from paleogeographic data, is superimposed upon the process of human-induced warming. This combination of factors influencing the landscape–climatic system in opposite directions decreases the system’s stability. This special issue presents six papers on a wide range of subjects including human–environment interaction in the past, landscape evolution during the Pleistocene and Holocene, recent and future climatic changes, anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems, flood geomorphology, wetland development, and approaches for modelling land surface– atmosphere interactions. These topics are the basis of collaboration within the international scientific community investigating environment evolution and prognosis. This special issue is devoted to studies conducted in the Eurasian and Western Pacific region (Figure 1). Rudenko and Taldenkova carried out a high-resolution micropaleontological analysis of bottom sediments of Cheshskaya Bay in the southeastern Barents Sea and marine beds exposed in an abraded terrace along the eastern coast of the Kanin Peninsula to reconstruct Holocene vegetation and climatic changes. Pollen analyses revealed that (1) an arctic desert environment that was colder and drier than the present climate dominated during the early Preboreal period; (2) the gradual advance of shrubby birch and pine forest resulted from significant climatic amelioration since the Boreal period; (3) subsequent expansion of birch forests marked the Holocene regional climate optimum; and (4) re-establishment of dwarf birch and pine forest signaled the vegetation response to the cooling that has occurred since the end of the Atlantic period. The advantages and usefulness of pollen analysis for the investigation of environmental change are also demonstrated by Novenko and Volkova, who reconstructed the middle and late Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the forest–steppe ecotone area in the Upper Preface for the Special Issue on “Environment Evolution and Human Activity in the Late Quaternary: Geographical Pattern”","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"18 1","pages":"80-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72895210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}