Geographical Review of Japan-Series B最新文献

{"title":"Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Security and Efficiency: The Case of the Great East Japan Earthquake","authors":"Nakamura Tsutomu","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.84","url":null,"abstract":"Based on experience during the Great East Japan Earthquake, this article examines the efficiency and high-security requirements of Japan’s pharmaceutical supply chain and its response pattern in an emergency. Ensuring supply chain security requires an enormous amount of investment, sacrifices, and improvement in efficiency. The practical measures being implemented need to maintain a strict balance between supply chain security and efficiency. To assess the supply chain security needs of the pharmaceuticals, interviews were conducted with Japan’s pharmaceutical supply chain players. Although faced with some difficulties, the supply chain functioned effectively during the sudden change in demand following the 2011 quake. The distribution centers are located mainly in the three major metropolitan areas unevenly, but dispersing inventories are maintained at all the branch offices outside the area of specific lead time. However, this article has found that the changes in the pharmaceutical supply chain could lead to a low level of security. The national or local governments might be required to provide public assistance for the management. Additional measures might be needed if differences between municipalities in the extent of the measures result in substantial regional disparities in access to pharmaceuticals. Users and suppliers need to continue risk communication about how much money they should invest in secure supply chain. Geographical studies are required to contribute to the spatial arrangement of the pharmaceutical supply chain that considers both moderation of the medical insurance system’s finances and the supply chain’s function as a social infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"72 1","pages":"84-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77438970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"OKI Taikan: Mizu Kiki Hontou No Hanashi (How to Think Water Crisis Out)","authors":"Matsuyama Hiroshi","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.93","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"156 1","pages":"93-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77527362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Human Wayfinding Behavior Using Maps and Written Directions","authors":"Suzuki Koshiro","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.57","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.57","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to prove the existence of cultural diversity in human spatial cognition between Japanese and Americans by conducting a cross-cultural wayfinding experiment. Twenty Japanese and 19 US university students were instructed to walk through a route on campus twice using either a map or a written direction and were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of the materials used on a 7 grade scale after each trial. They were also asked to compare the usability of the two materials after completing the trials. Their errors and time-performance were also measured. The results derived from an application of a quantitative analysis revealed the existence of cultural differences in the relative evaluation task, although the actual performances did not show a significant difference. Furthermore, their absolute evaluation scores of the first trials obtained from the language-first group indicated that Americans gave written directions considerably higher ratings than Japanese, whereas the second trials of the map-first group disclosed that Japanese rate the same material considerably lower than Americans. The results demonstrated that participants felt discomfort with the less familiar medium even when the wayfinding task was easy enough to follow. Such uneasiness may stem from the cultural schema of spatial descriptions to which they have been familiar. When the description style of provided material was not archetypal from the viewpoint of their shared cultural schema of geographic description, people tended to feel larger discomfort because of the mismatch.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":" 9","pages":"74-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72380321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"YOSHIDA Michiyo: Women, Citizenship and Migration: The Resettlement of Vietnamese Refugees in Australia and Japan","authors":"R. Howitt","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.95","url":null,"abstract":"This book considers the experience of immigrant and refugee populations in two nation states whose approach to national identity, border controls and social diversity have often been treated as iconic—Australia and Japan.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"79 1","pages":"95-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77746297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Naming Principles and Spatial Units of Folk Plot Names on Hirado Island, Western Japan : Connection between Geography and Cognitive Linguistics","authors":"S. Imazato","doi":"10.4157/GRJ.85.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GRJ.85.106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"44 1","pages":"106-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72532413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participation in and Benefits of Community Forest Management: Learning from Cases in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam","authors":"Ngo Duc Tung, Sakai Tetsuro, Mori Kazuyuki, M. Kei","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.39","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to explore local participation in relation to benefits in community forest management (CFM) in Thua Thien Hue province, central Vietnam, and to clarify the potential and challenges of sustainable forest management. Focusing on structural perspectives, the actor’s perspective, benefit flows, and benefit sharing in communities, this study examines the factors that shape the possibilities and constraints of local participation and benefits under models of forest management by household groups and by village communities. The findings reveal a gap between participation and benefit policies and CFM practices. CFM is an initiative approach that includes secure and substantial property rights, and the advantage of developing local institutional arrangements. It has encouraged local people to participate in forest protection and management activities, as well as improved opportunities for communities to benefit from forest resources. Moreover, creating timber benefit-sharing mechanisms based on certain numbers of trees in each diameter class has advantages over a system based on timber reserves. However, the overall benefits of CFM are still not considered to be significant by local communities. Transparency, effective participation, and accountability in terms of good internal governance were found to be weak. Additionally, it is challenging to motivate villager participation in forest protection and development activities because of the poor quality of allocated forest areas and the high percentage of poor households in communities. Communities lacked assistance and support from relevant stakeholders and thus had little power to solve critical situations such as treating violators, covering the costs of forest management and protection activities, and building forest enrichment and livelihood models. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable CFM model, an integrated approach is needed that considers whether a community forest reflects community values and produces benefits. key words community forest management, participation, structure perspective, actor’s perspective, benefit flow, benefit sharing, Vietnam","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"4 1","pages":"39-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72709663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant Community Dynamics and Microtopography Close to the Tree Line on the Northwestern Slope of Mt. Fuji, Central Japan","authors":"Okamoto Shuichi, Kanno Hiromitsu","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.29","url":null,"abstract":"We studied the relationship between slope processes and plant community structure on the northwestern side of Mt. Fuji. This slope has a stepped microtopography between 2700 and 2950 meters above sea level, with a particularly well-defined structure between 2800 and 2850 m. This stepped microtopography is almost certainly caused by periglacial process and acts as a foundation for the development of islands of plant communities. These communities are concentrated on riser sections of the steps, with virtually no growth on flat, terraced areas. Ground temperature monitoring and paint-line exposure experiments showed that the gravel is unstable on the terraces but stable on the risers. It is proposed that the vegetation distribution is determined by the stability of the surface materials. In addition, variation in snow depth by step component should have an effect on the vegetation distribution. The plant community composition is diverse on the upper slopes; Salix reinii is predominant and mosses are also prominent. The lower slopes are dominated by tree species, including Larix kaempferi and Betula ermanii. L. kaempferi had fewer annual rings with increasing slope elevation, suggesting that populations were established at different times at different altitudes. We predict that primary succession at the tree line has moved to progressively higher elevations on the northwestern slope of Mt. Fuji using the stepped microtopography as a foundation. key words plant establishment, slope process, stepped microtopography, soil temperature, freeze-thaw cycle, grain size, matrix","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"5 6","pages":"29-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72416569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Globalization of Japanese Banks in Global Syndicated Credit Markets: A Geo-relational Approach","authors":"Seo Bongman","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.85.1","url":null,"abstract":"Using a geo-relational framework, the paper has examined how the geography of Japanese banks’ globalization has been shaped by dynamics of regional relational geometries. In so doing, the paper analyzes Japanese banks’ global operations through their relational dynamics vis-à-vis non-Japanese banks in processing syndicated credit transactions rather than documenting office networks or counting international assets. The research findings suggest that Japanese banks had to internationalize their operations to the US and Western Europe due to lack of market opportunities in home/regional markets. However, in US and Western European markets Japanese banks suffered from liability of foreignness because of sustained or reinforced competitiveness of US and Western European banks. In short, Japanese banks’ globalization is conditioned by geo-positionality of Japanese banks that is largely shaped by the geographies of existing market opportunities, and syndicate network structures that have facilitated the dominance of US and Western European banks. As a result, Japanese banks have played the role of fund suppliers under the dominance of US and Western European market-markers.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"41 1","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77573168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface for the Special Edition of Geographical Review of Japan Series B","authors":"Kikuchi Toshio, Taira Atsushi","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.84.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.84.31","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"39 1","pages":"31-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85731564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Local Childcare Culture in Okinawa and the Impact of Policy Change","authors":"Kukimoto Mikoto, W. Yoshiki, Yui Yoshimichi","doi":"10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.84.60","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4157/GEOGREVJAPANB.84.60","url":null,"abstract":"The goal of this study is to examine the background and characteristics of the childcare culture in Okinawa, Japan. Particular attention is focused on the implementation of policy changes by the Japanese central government in reaction to Japan’s Child Welfare Act. Specifically, we clarify the historical background of the childcare culture in Okinawa, as well as discuss the conflict posed by the aforementioned policy changes. Okinawa’s childcare culture came about as the result of international and national influences. In the international context, with the American occupation of Okinawa after the Second World War, American-style educational policies, such as the preschool kindergarten system, became a priority for the Okinawa government. In the national context, the application of the Child Welfare Act by Japan’s central government, as well as a shortage of authorized nursery centers, was instrumental in formulating Okinawa’s childcare culture. As a result, the majority of Okinawa’s five-year-old children now attend kindergarten, making it possible for them to make friends and prepare for their future elementary-school education. Children in dual-income families, however, have faced difficulty in receiving afterschool care, since many public kindergartens closed earlier than nursery centers did. Traditionally, dual-income families have received after-school care services after kindergartens closed; however, after 1997, institutionalization of after-school care programs by the central government led to a new problem. For full-time working mothers attempting to balance their respective job and family responsibilities, local-government-organized public kindergartens’ extended services were found to be inconvenient. As a result, a conflict occurred in Okinawa between the local childcare culture and the central government policy. mothers did so. This shows the recent change of mothers’ value for childcare culture in Okinawa.","PeriodicalId":40646,"journal":{"name":"Geographical Review of Japan-Series B","volume":"30 1","pages":"60-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83422559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}