{"title":"The theory of aplanatic surfaces","authors":"T. Smith","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/4/303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/4/303","url":null,"abstract":"The necessary and sufficient condition that an optical system should have a pair of aplanatic surfaces is that the eikonal of the system can be expressed as a homogeneous function of the first order of three variables, each of which is a linear function of the direction cosines of the ray in the object and image spaces. Methods are given for finding the equations of these surfaces when the eikonal is given, and for finding the eikonal when the surfaces are given. Conjugate aplanatic surfaces are similar apart from arbitrary uniform unidirectional extensions or compressions. In general only one pair of aplanatic surfaces is possible, but in spherically symmetrical systems two pairs are found. In addition there may be aplanatic imagery at isolated points.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1928-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132946375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The \"absolute\" hartmann test","authors":"R. Kingslake","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/3/302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/3/302","url":null,"abstract":"According to the ordinary methods of performing the Hartmann test, the assumption is made that all the rays cross the optical axis. As a matter of fact, this is very far from the truth, especially in the case of the large astronomical objectives and mirrors to which the Hartmann test is most generally applied. In the present paper a brief description is given of a modified test in which each \"ray\" is treated on its own merits and its absolute deviation from the ideal path is determined in both magnitude and direction. This method incidentally leads at once to the well-known criterion \"T\" of Hartmann, which is now generally adopted in the comparison of large telescopes.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1928-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134414441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An investigation into the beam from a standard lighthouse lens","authors":"W. M. Hampton","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/3/301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/3/301","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of light from a third order Fresnel panel was measured, using two different light sources, a standard petroleum vapour burner and a 3 kW. lighthouse cruciform lamp. A complete theoretical discussion of the factors affecting beam candle-powers is worked out and tables are provided for the calculation of the beam candle-power from any apparatus using any light source.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1928-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126943899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On toric lenses","authors":"T. Smith","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/2/302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/2/302","url":null,"abstract":"A system of toric lenses having a common normal to all their surfaces possesses in general ten independent primordial coefficients. A single surface has only three degrees of freedom, and this number also holds for any system of negligible axial depth. Formulae are given for the calculation of the ten coefficients, which are only all independent when the system includes at least three separated toric refracting surfaces with their planes of principal curvature finitely inclined to one another. An eye with both its cornea and its crystalline lens astigmatic and the meridians of principal curvature different has more independent coefficients than a spectacle lens has effective degrees of freedom. The nature and importance of the unavoidable residual errors in central vision when such an eye is corrected by a toric lens are discussed.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1927-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127119659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The design of reflecting prisms","authors":"T. Y. Baker","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/2/301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/2/301","url":null,"abstract":"The displacement of a bundle of light resulting from two plane reflections is the equivalent of a swing of the emergent part of the bundle round the line of intersection of the two reflecting faces. Prisms can be designed by considering pairs of reflections. Graphical work for the directions of the axial ray and the disposition of the field round that ray can be worked out by means of a spherical diagram from which sufficient information can be derived to facilitate the construction of models (a) of the path of the axial ray and (b) of the full bundle of light. From the second model (b) constructed reasonably to scale a wooden model of the prisms can be built up. The angles between faces of the prism can be computed accurately from the spherical diagram. The method is particularly applicable to skew prisms in which three successive parts of the axial ray do not lie in a plane. Binocular prism systems are dealt with in some detail.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"52 23","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1927-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113942127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Canonical forms in the theory of asymmetrical optical systems","authors":"T. Smith","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/2/303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/2/303","url":null,"abstract":"Canonical forms for the quadratic terms of the eikonal and of the characteristic function for any optical instrument are found to involve only six arbitrary constants. In the eikonal defined by = constant + first order terms + ½aM2 + ½bN2 + ½cM'2 + ½dN'2 + eMN + fM'N' - gMN' - hM'N - iMM' - jNN' + higher order terms, in addition to removing the first order terms we may take any of the following simplifying conditions: a = b = c = d = 0, a + b = c + d = e = f = 0, a + b = c + d = g = h = 0. Similarly in the characteristic function V = constant + first order terms + ½Ay2 + ½Bz2 + ½Cy'2 + ½Dz'2 + Eyz + Fy'z' - Gyz' - Hy'z - Iyy' - Jzz' + higher order terms, the first order terms may be removed and in addition we may put A = B = C = D = 0, or A + B = C + D = E = F = 0, or A + B = C + D = G = H = 0. The seven constant canonical form of the characteristic function obtained by Larmor, viz. V = constant + ½Ay2 + ½Bz2 + ½Cy'2 + ½Dz'2 + Eyz + Fy'z' - I (yy' + zz') +..., is not general. Larmor's theorem on the equivalence of any optical system to a symmetrical instrument together with two thin astigmatic lenses also fails. Three separated astigmatic lenses are needed to represent the general system.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1927-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125418853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experiments in ultra-violet refractometry","authors":"L. C. Martin","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/1/302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/1/302","url":null,"abstract":"The experiments described have for their object the application of critical angle methods for the refractometry of liquids in the ultra-violet. A thin film of liquid can be held between two quartz hemispheres which are traversed centrally by an approximately parallel beam; the film receives the radiation at the varying angles of incidence resulting on rotation of the system. In this way, analysing the transmitted radiation with the aid of a quartz spectrograph, the critical angles for definite wave-lengths are measured, from which refractive indices can be calculated. The procedure necessary in seeking precise results is discussed, and a series of measurements on glycerine-water mixtures likely to be useful for immersion fluids in ultra-violet microscopy is given. A set of interesting phenomena of the extinction bands is described and explained.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"34 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1927-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116481523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the resolution of gratings by the astigmatic eye","authors":"J. R. Hamblin, T. H. Winser","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/29/1/304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/29/1/304","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation on the resolution of gratings by the human eye, commenced by H. H. Emsley in 1925, was continued. The irregular curve representing variation of grating acuity from meridian to meridian was found to be of the same general form in all astigmatic eyes. Experiment showed that the image, produced by an ordinary astigmatic system, of gratings placed in various directions shows irregularities of the same form due to overlapping of the blurred images of the separate lines of the grating. Thus an eye with regular astigmatism will exhibit irregularities in its capacity to resolve gratings at various inclinations, and charts consisting of fine parallel lines are not reliable in testing ocular astigmatism.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1927-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134428228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Notes on some physical and optical characteristics of the stylus-on-celluloid method of recording","authors":"W. G. Collins","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/27/3/305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/27/3/305","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that the stylus-on-celluloid record consists of a cylindrical depression forming a minute cylindrical lens, bordered by ridges forming quasi-cylindrical lenses of positive form and beyond these concave cylinders. When viewed with a properly focussed microscope, the record appears as a dark band on a bright ground and at the centre of the dark band is a fine bright line on which precise measurements can be made. The record is not made by scratching but by plastic deformation.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1926-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114081685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Vertex power and its measurement","authors":"W. Fincham","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/27/3/304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/27/3/304","url":null,"abstract":"The object of the paper is to explain in a simple manner some of the problems involved in the designation and measurement of the power of ophthalmic lenses. The various ways in which the power may be expressed are discussed and the existing methods of measuring power are described, with special reference to the measurement of vertex power. An instrument for this purpose is described and the results of measurements on a number of lenses are given.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1926-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122886927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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