Transactions of The Optical Society最新文献_第2页

Charts for simple two- and three-lens problems 简单的两镜头和三镜头问题的图表

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1930-02-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/31/3/303

T. Smith

引用次数: 0

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1930-02-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/31/3/302

T. Smith

{"title":"Imagery around a skew ray","authors":"T. Smith","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/31/3/302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/31/3/302","url":null,"abstract":"The one-one correspondence between rays in the object and image spaces of an optical instrument only yields a corresponding relation between points, even for a narrow ray pencil, in exceptional circumstances. The usual criterion by which conjugate points are defined fails unless neighbouring rays intersect in both spaces. In general this condition is not satisfied, and the criterion is therefore extended to include the points of nearest approach of non-intersecting rays. It is shown that pairs of conjugate points on a given chief ray determined according to this definition are coincident for a fan of near rays with one degree of freedom, that is the light path between the conjugate points is constant to the second order for the routes corresponding to all rays of this fan, and that the enlarged definition is applicable to all near rays. The relation connecting conjugate points is of the same form as for the simpler cases generally recognised, and may be determined by parallel projection through fixed points depending on the chief ray and on the particular fan under consideration. Apart from the exceptional case of complete anastigmatism due to the coincidence of the projective centres for all the fans, there can at most be two pairs of conjugate points free from astigmatism. Three conditions must be satisfied for stigmatic imagery at a given pair of points. The pencil around any skew ray has ten degrees of freedom, and the fundamental coefficients which determine the imagery completely are elements of a square matrix of the fourth order. Formulae are given for the construction of these matrices for refraction at each surface and for the transference from one surface to another. The matrix for the complete system is the product of the matrix factors for the successive elementary events taken in their proper order. Each refracting surface may be replaced by the osculating surface of the second degree at the point of refraction of the chief ray. It is assumed that the curvature of the surfaces is everywhere finite and continuous. A more natural matrix for refraction in space of three dimensions would be of the sixth order. Such matrices are derived from those of the fourth order. For theoretical investigations and perhaps also for routine numerical work, these matrices are preferable to those of lower order since they contain no quantities which are not relevant to the problem. The coefficients of the eikonal and of the characteristic function can be derived from the elements of either type of matrix. Fifteen independent relations between the coefficients of these matrices are obtained in two distinct forms.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1930-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131568192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

A stereo-fixation apparatus for use with bjerrum screen 一种与屏幕配合使用的立体固定装置

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/304

E. Fincham

{"title":"A stereo-fixation apparatus for use with bjerrum screen","authors":"E. Fincham","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/304","url":null,"abstract":"The fact that binocular fixation is more constant than the monocular method makes the stereoscopic campimeter more accurate than the monocular instrument. In addition, this method allows records to be obtained of central blind areas. In previously existing stereo-campimeters the Brewster type of stereoscope has been employed. These instruments have the disadvantage that the test is made upon a small screen and that the field is limited on the nasal side by the usual septum between the two fields. This paper describes a new apparatus giving stereoscopic fixation for use with a large Bjerrum screen and allows a field of examination of 35? in all directions from the centre. The apparatus consists of a simple optical system which presents to the eye not under test a magnified image of a small design which is the stereoscopic counterpart of a design seen by the other eye at the centre of the Bjerrum screen. The images obtained by the two eyes are fused, giving stereoscopic fixation. Means of adjustment for muscle imbalance is provided. The exploration of the field of vision is carried out in the usual manner. The paper contains a copy of a record made with the new apparatus of a central scotoma in a case of old atrophy of the macula.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1929-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128868877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

The insensitivity and personal equation errors of optical settings 光学设置的不灵敏度和个人方程误差

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/302

J. Guild

引用次数: 3

The reflection factor of magnesium oxide 氧化镁的反射因子

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/303

J. S. Preston

{"title":"The reflection factor of magnesium oxide","authors":"J. S. Preston","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/303","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design and use of a small integrating reflectometer for determining the total reflection factor of a smoked magnesium oxide surface under diffuse illumination. It also shows how the reflectometer may be used for the absolute determination of apparent reflection factors (reflectances) under parallel illumination. The instrument is based on theory given by A. H. Taylor, J.O.S.A. 4, 1920 (14), and depends on the change in brightness of the walls of a small integrating sphere which occurs on removal of a test plate covering a circular aperture of known area in the sphere. The theory is extended to show how the interior of the sphere may be used as a standard of brightness when the diffuse reflection factor of the coating and the flux entering the sphere are known. This affords a new means for the standardisation of photometric test plates. A second method of determining the diffuse reflection factor of the reflectometer coating is described depending on measurements of the brightness of the interior of the sphere and of an artificial sky used to illuminate it through the aperture. In practice it is shown that the surface on which the oxide is smoked may influence the results except in the case of very thick coatings. Polished silver was finally selected for this purpose and the results given are for coatings on this surface. They include the total reflection factor under diffuse illumination and the apparent factor for normal incidence, 45° angle of view, and 45° incidence, normal view. Finally the Helmholtz reciprocal relations as developed by H. J. McNicholas, B. of S. Journal of Research, 1, No 1, are utilised to calculate the apparent factors at normal and 45° angle of view and diffuse illumination from polar measurements of brightness under conditions of parallel illumination.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1929-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124068275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 43

Exhibit of the duochrome refraction test 双色折射试验图

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/308

Clifford Brown

引用次数: 1

Exhibit of the maddox cheiroscope 马多克斯显微镜的展品

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-12-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/31/1/307

C. W. D. Sons

引用次数: 0

A history of the development of the telescope from about 1675 to 1830 based on documents in the court collection 从1675年到1830年望远镜发展的历史，以宫廷收藏的文件为基础

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/30/5/302

Thomas H. Court, M. V. Rohr

{"title":"A history of the development of the telescope from about 1675 to 1830 based on documents in the court collection","authors":"Thomas H. Court, M. V. Rohr","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/30/5/302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/30/5/302","url":null,"abstract":"I. The optics of the telescope as known when its manufacture was commenced in England. Lipperhey's influence on the Continent and in England; A. M. v. Schyrle's great invention of the terrestrial telescope with image-erecting lenses in 1645 (made in Augsburg). II. The old refracting telescopes in England. Sir Charles Cavendish's acquaintance with A. M. v. Schyrle and some points of similarity between Cock's terrestrial telescope of 1673 and A. M. v. Schyrle's description of 1645. Popularity of telescopes of Schyrle's planning in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. English improvements and night telescopes. III. The reflecting telescopes after Gregory and Newton, and their manufacture in London. The original work of Gregory and of Newton; J. Hadley's impulse; influence on English opticians; Passement's form in 1738; Short's splendid instruments. Caleb Smith's improvement in 1740 and the first publication of his principle of colour correction. IV. Chester Moor Hall's invention of the achromatic telescope (1729-33) and its marketing by John Dollond (1758). Relation of the already known facts in historical sequence; invention certainly known to the trade in 1754. J. Dollond's re-invention and publication. Prices of such instruments before and after J. Dollond's death in 1761 and Lord Camden's decision in 1766. P. Dollond's policy as to the prices for achromatic telescopes. IV a. A digression concerning the gradual appreciation of Chester Moor Hall's merits. The publications of A. M. de Rochon and Montucla and the work of the more modern investigators A. C. Ranyard, R. B. Prosser, and E. Wyndham Hulme. V. Sir William Herschel's reflectors. Knowledge enlarged by Prince Troubetzkoj and W. H. Steavenson. Herschel's influence on English and foreign opticians beyond the period treated here. VI. The earlier endeavours to avoid a secondary spectrum. A. C. Clairaut in 1762, R. J. Boscovich about 1767 and R. Blair after 1787, employing different fluids. VII. Later improvements and modifications of the achromatic telescope. P. Dollond; H. Pyefinch; brass draw-tubes about 1783; stands folding into a very small compass; W. Worris; C. Varley; the problem of optical glass. The first knowledge of Fraunhofer's instruments; French astronomical objectives of large diameter; the order to Fraunhofer in Munich from Edinburgh Observatory.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1929-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130572606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 13

The beam given by dioptric apparatus 由屈光仪器发出的光束

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-06-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/30/5/301

W. M. Hampton

引用次数: 0

A re-determination of the trichromatic coefficients of the spectral colours 光谱颜色的三色系数的再测定

Transactions of The Optical Society Pub Date : 1929-03-01 DOI: 10.1088/1475-4878/30/4/301

W. D. Wright

{"title":"A re-determination of the trichromatic coefficients of the spectral colours","authors":"W. D. Wright","doi":"10.1088/1475-4878/30/4/301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-4878/30/4/301","url":null,"abstract":"Using a new trichromatic colorimeter a series of colour matches through the spectrum has been made by ten observers. The results have been averaged and a mean set of trichromatic coefficients for the spectral colours derived. These results are compared with previous determinations made by Konig and Abney. The variations in the coefficients that have been found amongst the ten observers must, as a consequence of a new method of basing the trichromatic units, be attributed to variations in the process of reception, but their magnitude appears to be of a small order. On the other hand, there are big differences in the amount of the macular pigment in different eyes and probably some variation in its dominant hue. These variations have been investigated by matches on a standard white, results for 36 observers being given in the paper and a mean value determined. This value, combined with the mean spectral coefficients, has been used to compute an average locus for the spectral colours in the colour triangle, with white at the centre. Other points discussed in the paper include the technique of colour matching, the range of intensity over which matches remained valid, and variations of luminosity.","PeriodicalId":405858,"journal":{"name":"Transactions of The Optical Society","volume":"160 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1929-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127303322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 416