The Open Zoology Journal最新文献

{"title":"Progesterone Affects Vitellogenesis in Octopus vulgaris~!2008-04-01~!2008-08-19~!2008-09-22~!","authors":"C. Cristo, M. Paolucci, A. Cosmo","doi":"10.2174/1874336600801010029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336600801010029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116479116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Employing a pH Sensitive Fluorophore to Measure Intracellular pH in the In Vitro Brainstem Preparation of Rana catesbeiana~!2009-05-06~!2009-10-29~!2009-12-24~!","authors":"M. Gdovin, D. Zamora, C. R. Ravindran, M. Costanzo, J. Leiter","doi":"10.2174/1874336600902010117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336600902010117","url":null,"abstract":"We developed an in vitro tadpole brainstem preparation in order to investigate the development of central respiratory chemoreception and rhythmogenesis. pH sensitive fluorescent dyes have been utilized to record intracellular pH (pHi) optically in central respiratory chemoreceptive regions in mammals. Our goal in this study was to develop the ability to record pHi optically while simultaneously recording respiratory motor output in the superfused tadpole brainstem preparation. We developed a dye-loading protocol that demonstrated our ability to adequately load the majority of brainstem neurons. The presence of the dye was not disruptive to ongoing respiratory rhythmogenesis or the respiratory response to central respiratory chemoreceptor stimulation. The tadpole brainstem is an excellent model to study the development of the neural control of respiration, as it is well oxygenated and retains synaptic connectivity among respiratory central pattern generators, central respiratory chemoreceptors, and respiratory motor neurons. Validating of the use of the pH sensitive dyes to record pHi optically in central respiratory chemoreceptors in this preparation will permit further characterization of the pH regulatory responses of central respiratory chemoreceptors.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114095768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxygenogenesis, a Defence Mechanism of the Newt for Surviving Anoxic Stress~!2008-11-11~!2009-01-14~!2009-03-13~!","authors":"G. Frangioni, G. Fuzzi, Alessandro Gremignani, S. Bianchi, G. Borgioli","doi":"10.2174/1874336600902010015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336600902010015","url":null,"abstract":"At 8°C specimens of Triturus carnifex, isolated in a respiratory chamber containing water with 1.3 ppm of oxygen, completely consumed it in little over an hour; yet, even after 48 hours of anoxia, the oxygen pressure in blood sampled from the arterial cone never fell below 30% of that recorded in normoxic controls. The permanence of oxygen in the blood, incompatible with the condition of anoxia, demonstrates that there must be a physiological mechanism that produces the molecule. The liver, on account of its mass and histological structure, is the only possible seat of this process. With the supplement of anaerobic glycolysis, the oxygen produced allows the animal to survive for long periods in totally anoxic environments, a phenomenon already observed in other lower vertebrates but until now explained by glycolysis alone. Further experimental data indicate that haemolysis and hepatic melanogenesis are essential in promoting and inactivating oxygenogenesis respectively.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127048947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is the Chytrid Fungus Really Responsible for Amphibian Decline","authors":"L. Brito-Gitirana, F. Felsemburgh, S. P. D. C. E. Silva, P. G. D. Almeida","doi":"10.2174/1874336600902010049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336600902010049","url":null,"abstract":"Besides other pathogens, the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been considered the main etiologic agent that causes chytridiomycosis and associated with amphibian die-offs. Chytrid fungus was first described in a living specimen of a Physalaemus signifer population (Anura, Leiuperidae), a common frog in natural environment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The P. signifier integument is formed by a poorly keratinized epidermis supported by a dermis, which is subdivided into a spongious and compact layers. The granular and mucous glands are located in the spongy dermis. Although P. signifer showed no macroscopic lesions, microscopic analysis revealed hyperkeratosis (epidermal disruptions associated with thickening of horny layer), and some oval to spherical sporangia in the horny layer. The occurrence of chytrid fungus indicates that this pathogen is still active in Brazilian anurans and can be spreading. Considering the few sporangia in the epidermis and the strong epidermal disruption, the results suggest that the integument lesion occurs before the colonization by the chytrid fungus. Thus, the chytrid may be an opportunist fungus and not the main cause of amphibian decline.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"350 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131450742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal Phase Relation of Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Oscillations Alters Seasonal Reproduction and Adrenal Function in Jungle Bush Quail and Rain Quail~!2009-01-06~!2009-02-02~!2009-04-09~!","authors":"Pankaj Kumar, C. Chaturvedi","doi":"10.2174/1874336600902010033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336600902010033","url":null,"abstract":"Present study investigates the role of temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations in the regulation of seasonal reproduction in summer breeding Jungle bush quail, Perdicula asiatica and autumn breeding rain quail, Coturnix coturnix coromandelica. Two sets of experiments were performed in month of August, in reproductively quiescent (RQ) bush quail and reproductively active (RA) rain quail. In experiment I, both quails received the serotonin precursor, 5-HTP and the dopamine precursor, L-DOPA (5 mg/100 gm body weight/day for 13 days) at the interval of 8-hr or 12-hr. At the termination of the study (30 days post treatment), 8-hr suppressed and 12-hr increased body weight and testicular development compared to their respective controls in both the species of quail. However, in RA rain quail, testicular development in 12-hr group was similar to control. Further, in RQ bush quail, while adrenal activity of 8-hr group was more or less similar to control, 12-hr relation stimulated the activity of steroidogenic cords. On the other hand, in RA rain quail, control and 12-hr quail adrenal activity was similar while that of 8-hr showed suppression. In experiment II (quails receiving total dose of experiment I, i.e. 32.5 mg/100 gm body weight/ day for 2 days only, and sacrificed 30 days thereafter), response of the birds were similar to that of the experiment I. These findings indicate that, 8-hr and 12-hr relation of the 5-HTP and L-DOPA administration induced suppression and stimulation of the gonadal and adrenal function respectively, irrespective of the phase of the annual gonadal cycle of the two species of quail. It is concluded that specific relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillation induces reproductively quiescent or active condition out of the season as a function of their time relation. These findings also suggest that, circadian organization may regulate reproductive and metabolic seasonality irrespective of the phase of the annual gonadal cycle.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"209 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115465005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diving Adaptations of the Cetacean Skeleton~!2008-12-02~!2009-03-01~!2009-04-09~!","authors":"B. Cozzi, S. Mazzariol, M. Podestá, A. Zotti","doi":"10.2174/1874336600902010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336600902010024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133452414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the Axial Skeleton and Median Fin in the Australian Lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri~!2009-02-12~!2009-04-12~!2009-09-04~!","authors":"Z. Johanson, Rolf Ericsson, J. Long, F. Evans, J. Joss","doi":"10.2174/1874336600902010091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336600902010091","url":null,"abstract":"New observations on the axial skeleton of the extant lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri (Dipnoi; Sarcopterygii) indicate that neural and haemal arch elements develop more independently than previously believed. For example, while the cartilaginous neural arches/spines begin development anteriorly, just behind the skull, the distal supraneurals first form separately in the posterior region of the axial skeleton. Proximal supraneurals develop subsequently, but initially lack clear association with either neural arches/spines or distal supraneurals. This contradicts previous studies of Neoceratodus and other extant lungfish suggesting that the supraneurals and more distal radials develop from a single cartilage. This was suggested as a unique sarcopterygian pattern, but our new observations suggest a closer resemblance to the actinopterygian condition. With respect to the caudal fin skeleton, the heterocercal tail of Devonian lungfish is replaced in Carboniferous and younger taxa by a diphycercal tail, comprising elongate and equal dorsal and ventral lobes. Whether these lobes resulted from fusion of dorsal/anal and caudal fins or expansion of dorsal and anal fin rays at the expense of the caudal fin is uncertain. However, comparing ontogenetic development of Neoceratodus with Devonian taxa indicates that the elements of the ventral diphycercal lobe in Neoceratodus are homologous to haemal elements present in the caudal fin of Devonian forms, but loss of supporting basal plates in the dorsal fins of Devonian taxa allowed supraneural elements of the dorsal fin to expand to form the dorsal lobe of the Neoceratodus tail.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125533877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Data on the Genus Paracentrophyes (Homalorhagida, Kinorhyncha), with the Description of a New Species from the West Pacific~!2010-01-06~!2010-04-21~!2010-05-18~!","authors":"M. Sørensen, F. Pardos, M. Herranz, H. Rho","doi":"10.2174/1874336601003010042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601003010042","url":null,"abstract":"The kinorhynch genus Paracentrophyes currently consists of two species only: P. quadridentatus (Zelinka, 1928) from the Mediterranean Sea and P. praedictus Higgins, 1983 from Belize in the Caribbean. Both species have until now been recorded from their type localities only. In the present contribution a new species of Paracentrophyes, P. anurus sp. nov., is described from the Korea Strait. The species can be recognized by details in the mouth cone morphology, absence of perispinal setae in segment 10, and absence of a midterminal process in both sexes. Female specimens are furthermore characterized by the presence of an extraordinary long middorsal spine on segment 10, whereas males possess a midterminal type 3 sensory spot. Besides the recording of the new species, the occurrence of P. cf. quadridentatus is reported from two localities in the Atlantic Ocean (Faeroe Islands and Spain). The recorded specimens are described in detail, based on combined examinations with LM and SEM, and diagnostic traits for all three species of Paracentrophyes are discussed in light of the newly acquired information. Furthermore, an emended terminology for positions of cuticular trunk structures is proposed.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115407514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Ethinylestradiol and the fungicide Prochloraz on metamorphosis and thyroid gland morphology in Rana temporaria","authors":"Nanna Brande-Lavridsen, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, B. Korsgaard","doi":"10.2174/1874336601003020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601003020007","url":null,"abstract":"Several environmental xenobiotics have been found to affect the metamorphosis of amphibians. In this study we exposed tadpoles of the Common frog Rana temporaria from hatching to metamorphosis to two known endocrine disruptors, the estrogenic pharmaceutical 17� -ethinylestradiol and the antiandrogenic/antiestrogenic fungicide prochloraz to determine their effect on 1) days to metamorphosis and size at metamorphosis, 2) body concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and corticosterone, and 3) thyroid morphology. We found effects of both compounds on each of these response variables. A low dose of prochloraz (115 μg/l) and all doses of ethinylestradiol also caused a delay in metamorphosis. T3 levels were elevated in metamorphs exposed to high concentration of prochloraz (252 μg/l) but the group showed a delay in metamorphosis. A low dose of prochloraz (115 μg/l) and all doses of ethinylestradiol also caused a delay in metamorphosis but no changes in T3 levels. The delayed metamorphs weighed more than controls. Thyroid histology revealed significant differences in the high prochloraz exposure group only. Ethinylestradiol and prochloraz, however not in environmentally relevant doses, may therefore impact the thyroid axis, and may cause other sublethal effects especially in combination with other stressors likely encountered.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124578017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial - Endocrine Disruption in Rana temporaria and Podarcis sicula","authors":"A. Capaldo","doi":"10.2174/1874336601003010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601003010006","url":null,"abstract":"Five papers deal with this topic. The first paper by Brande-Lavridsen et al. [1] shows that age and size at metamorphosis of tadpoles of the common frog, Rana temporaria, can be influenced by two known endocrine disruptors, the estrogenic pharmaceutical 17 -ethinylestradiol and the antiandrogenic/antiestrogenic fungicide prochloraz. In the second paper, by Sciarrillo et al. [2], the Authors investigate the effects of nonylphenol, an estrogenic-like compound widespread in the aquatic environment, on the thyroid of the lizard Podarcis sicula. The results show a structural and functional disruption of the thyroid gland. The next three papers examine different effects of a heavy metal, cadmium, on the lizard Podarcis sicula. The third paper, by De Falco et al. [3], investigates the changes in the adrenal gland morphology of the lizard following the exposure to cadmium. This metal impairs the steroidogenic tissue and induces steroidogenic cord hyperplasia, disorganization of steroidogenic parenchyma until necrotic degeneration. It in turn evokes macrophage infiltration. The fourth paper, by Favorito et al. [4] shows an alteration of the normal endocrine function of the pituitary gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula following an acute exposure to cadmium. The last paper, by Simoniello et al. [5] shows that cadmium in Podarcis sicula stimulates oogonial proliferation and oocyte recruitment by mimicking gonadotropins activity. The metal also exerts toxic effects on the growing follicles thus reducing fecundity and the reproductive performance.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126915798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}