The Open Zoology Journal最新文献

Intracelluar pH (pHi) Measurements in the In Vitro Tadpole Brainstem:Direct Correlations between Changes in pHi and Ventilation 蝌蚪脑干细胞内pH (pHi)测量:pHi变化与通气的直接关系

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2013-10-18 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601306010008

D. Zamora, C. R. Ravindran, James N. Bayne, J. Leiter, M. Gdovin

{"title":"Intracelluar pH (pHi) Measurements in the In Vitro Tadpole Brainstem:Direct Correlations between Changes in pHi and Ventilation","authors":"D. Zamora, C. R. Ravindran, James N. Bayne, J. Leiter, M. Gdovin","doi":"10.2174/1874336601306010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601306010008","url":null,"abstract":"Central respiratory chemoreceptors measure pH in the brain stem and are an integral part of the neural circuitry that modulates respiratory rhythmogenesis, specifically in response to hypercapnic acidosis. Central respiratory chemore- ceptor membrane potential and/or action potential firing rate are altered in response to changes in intracellular pH (pHi), which changes with the hydration of CO2 in both the extracellular and intracellular space, however the role of cellular changes in chemoreceptor properties on respiratory motor output has been difficult to identify. We studied whole nerve respiratory activity while simultaneously visualizing pHi dynamics using the pH-sensitive dye, BCECF, in the spontane- ously active in vitro tadpole brainstem. The isolated, superfused tadpole brainstem is well oxygenated and retains synaptic connectivity among respiratory central pattern generators, central respiratory chemoreceptors, and respiratory motor neu- ronsunder physiological conditions, where mammalian preparations do not. An ammonium prepulse was used to selec- tively induce a decrease in pHi. Our results show intracellular pH is regulated differently in cells located in chemosensi- tive and non-chemosensitive regions of the tadpole brainstem during hypercapnia. We were also able to show an inverse correlation between pHi in cells located in chemosensitive regions of the tadpole brainstem and whole nerve respiratory- related activity. Using this approach, the microenvironment of individual cells may be manipulated while monitoring real time changes in pHi, neuronal activity and ventilatory-related activity to elucidate the role of a variety of signals in elicit- ing changes in ventilation.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124468646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Epidermal Trauma Reduces the Impact of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Fowler's Toads (Anaxyrus fowleri) 表皮外伤可降低福氏蟾蜍(Anaxyrus fowleri)树突壶菌的影响

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2013-05-31 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601306010001

Forrest Brem, M. Parris

{"title":"Epidermal Trauma Reduces the Impact of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Fowler's Toads (Anaxyrus fowleri)","authors":"Forrest Brem, M. Parris","doi":"10.2174/1874336601306010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601306010001","url":null,"abstract":"The amphibian epidermis presents many barriers that prevent pathogen infection. Much effort has been placed on examining determinants of infectivity and pathogenicity of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in amphibians. How- ever, no research has examined how trauma to the epidermis can affect susceptibility to and virulence of Bd infections in amphibians. Trauma is a common entry point for secondary infections that would otherwise be immunologically defensi- ble to a host. The objective of our study was to determine if epidermal trauma would impact the outcome of Bd exposure. We predicted that epidermal trauma would make amphibians more susceptible to infection and result in more virulent in- fections. To test this prediction we compared susceptibility to infection, mortality, and survival time among three groups of Fowler's Toads, Anaxyrus fowleri (Hinckley); trauma and Bd, Bd only, and no Bd. Counter to our predictions we found that, with reference to negative controls, epidermal trauma and Bd together reduced susceptibility to infection, reduced overall mortality, and increased survival time compared to toads exposed to Bd only. Epidermal trauma is commonplace for wild amphibians, and is caused by predation attempts, combat, and unfavorable environmental conditions. We suggest that trauma to the epidermis preceding exposure to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis elicits an innate immune response not initiated by the pathogen alone. Our data suggest that trauma could temporarily reduce susceptibility to, and virulence of, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections of amphibians.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128360883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Chromomycosis in Rhinella icterica

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2012-11-02 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601205010038

L. Brito-Gitirana, T. SILVA-SOARES

引用次数: 0

Thermoregulatory Behavior of Red Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Fran- ciscanus (Agassiz, 1863) and Purple Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus Purpu- ratus (Stimpson, 1857) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) 红海胆Strongylocentrotus Fran- ciscanus (Agassiz, 1863)和紫海胆Strongylocentrotus Purpu- ratus (Stimpson, 1857)的体温调节行为(棘皮科:棘皮总科)

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2012-11-02 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601205010042

Alfredo Salas, F. Díaz, A. Re, Marco González, Clara E. Galindo

引用次数: 1

Molecular Diagnosis of Atlantic Forest Mammals Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences: Didelphid Marsupials 大西洋森林哺乳动物线粒体DNA序列的分子诊断:双翅目有袋动物

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2012-01-26 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601205010002

J. Agrizzi, A. C. Loss, A. Farro, R. Duda, L. P. Costa, Y. Leite

引用次数: 23

Preliminary Assessment of Neotropical Mammal DNA Barcodes: An Underestimation of Biodiversity 新热带哺乳动物DNA条形码的初步评估:生物多样性的低估

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2012-01-26 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601205010010

B. Lim

{"title":"Preliminary Assessment of Neotropical Mammal DNA Barcodes: An Underestimation of Biodiversity","authors":"B. Lim","doi":"10.2174/1874336601205010010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601205010010","url":null,"abstract":"There are almost 1,700 species of mammals occurring in the Neotropical region broadly defined as including Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean Islands, and South America. The Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) Systems estab- lished an institutional collaboration with the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) beginning in 2005 to DNA barcode the mammal tissue collections for the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region. To date, over 14,500 vouchered specimens have been sequenced representing nearly 19% (317 species) of the mammalian diversity in the Neotropics. This includes 11 of the 15 orders found in the Neotropics with the 4 missing orders representing less than 20 species. Al- most half of the bat species (167 of 345) have been barcoded but only 3% (4 of 129) of the primate species have been done. Rodents are the most diverse order in the Neotropics, of which 12% of the species have been barcoded (106 of 898). In terms of geographic coverage, Middle America is the most comprehensively represented with only one country missing (Honduras), but half of the South American countries are not represented and there are no samples from the Caribbean. Although an initial DNA barcode reference library for Neotropical mammals has been established, there are obvious taxo- nomic and geographic areas that need to be surveyed to make it broadly applicable for species identification and discov- ery. Nevertheless, preliminary results indicate an underestimation of approximately one-third of the currently recognized species of mammals in the Neotropics, affirming it as a region of high biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115661246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 25

DNA Barcoding of Mammals in Mexico: Implications for Biodiversity 墨西哥哺乳动物的DNA条形码:对生物多样性的影响

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2012-01-26 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601205010018

S. T. Álvarez-Castañeda, C. Lorenzo, Evelyn Rios, Patricia Cortés-Calva, M. Elias, J. Ortega, F. A. Cervantes

{"title":"DNA Barcoding of Mammals in Mexico: Implications for Biodiversity","authors":"S. T. Álvarez-Castañeda, C. Lorenzo, Evelyn Rios, Patricia Cortés-Calva, M. Elias, J. Ortega, F. A. Cervantes","doi":"10.2174/1874336601205010018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601205010018","url":null,"abstract":"The Mexican Barcode of Life (MEXBOL) project started as an initiative by researchers who wanted Mexico to join the international DNA barcoding (iBOL) collaboration to establish a genetic system of species identification and discovery. MEXBOL has three main nodes associated with different research institutions in the northern, central, and southern parts of the country. At the beginning of 2009, the laboratories of the three nodes began to operate with support from the University of Guelph in Canada where DNA barcoding began in 2003. By the end of 2011, the laboratories in Mexico will be completely equipped and fully operational. The project is funded by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT). In addition, the steering committee of MEXBOL supports the Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) initiative to offer grants to any university and research center for barcoding collections of Mexican specimens. We present preliminary results of projects dealing with barcoding Mexican mammals. The aims of these analyses are to evaluate the importance of the DNA barcoding (using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene; COI) for the identification of species, study of genetic diversity, and taxonomic review. Our preliminary data suggest that DNA barcodes can be used for the discovery of cryptic species and have important implications to the understanding of the mega-diversity of mammals in Mexico.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127151354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 7

DNA Barcoding Facilitates Bat Species Identification for Improved Surveillance of Bat-associated Rabies across Canada DNA条形码有助于蝙蝠物种识别，以改善加拿大蝙蝠相关狂犬病的监测

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2012-01-26 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601205010027

S. Nadin-Davis, E. Guerrero, M. Knowles, Yuqin Feng

{"title":"DNA Barcoding Facilitates Bat Species Identification for Improved Surveillance of Bat-associated Rabies across Canada","authors":"S. Nadin-Davis, E. Guerrero, M. Knowles, Yuqin Feng","doi":"10.2174/1874336601205010027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601205010027","url":null,"abstract":"For many families within the animal kingdom, DNA barcoding has proven to be a valuable tool for confirma- tion of species identification and it will be increasingly used to identify the reservoir hosts of zoonotic diseases. Rabies is a fatal disease that can be transmitted to virtually all mammalian species but the etiological agent, rabies virus, is main- tained in particular host reservoirs comprising various carnivore and chiropteran species. With the success of rabies con- trol programs that target carnivores across the Americas and in Europe, chiropteran rabies cases worldwide will assume proportionately greater significance in the future. Information on the species of bats which act as rabies reservoirs and which are most likely to infect other mammals by spill-over transmission of the virus is important from public and veteri- nary health perspectives. While bats submitted for rabies diagnosis from across Canada are identified to species according to their morphological traits, accurate species assignment may often be compromised due to poor sample condition or submission of limited material. In this study, a collection of bats representative of the species most commonly submitted for rabies diagnosis, as identified by morphological examination of the specimens, was re-examined by DNA barcoding methods. This comparison identified certain species which are routinely misidentified by traditional taxonomic methods and suggests that species confirmation by barcoding will improve the epidemiological information generated from rabies testing.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126794462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Editorial - DNA Barcoding of Mammals 编辑-哺乳动物的DNA条形码

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2012-01-26 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601205010001

B. Lim

引用次数: 0

Temperature Dependent Reproduction and Survival of the Soil Nematode Pristionchus maupasi In Vitro 毛帕斯土壤线虫体外温度依赖性繁殖和存活研究

The Open Zoology Journal Pub Date : 2011-12-23 DOI: 10.2174/1874336601104010014

Jørn Reimer Grønvold, P. M. Jensen, N. Schmidt, C. Kapel

{"title":"Temperature Dependent Reproduction and Survival of the Soil Nematode Pristionchus maupasi In Vitro","authors":"Jørn Reimer Grønvold, P. M. Jensen, N. Schmidt, C. Kapel","doi":"10.2174/1874336601104010014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1874336601104010014","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, the reproduction potential and survival capability of the soil nematode Pristionchus maupasi was followed in 10 cm 2 Petri dishes at different constant temperatures: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 o C. The experiment started by placing nematode eggs on each dish. The minimum number of days from eggs, at start, to adult egg producing nematodes, de- creased from 7 days at 10 o C to 3 days at 25 o C. At 5 o C no eggs hatched, and at 30 o C the released larvae did not develop into egg producing adults. After 7 days all eggs had hatched in the interval between 15 and 30 o C and 87 % at 10 o C. From hatched eggs the 1 st generation nematodes evolved. At day 4, the number of 1 st generation nematodes was almost similar at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25 o C, while the num- ber at 30 o C was significantly lower. The 1 st generation adult nematodes gave rise to a 2 nd generation, which did not develop to fertility, but became arrested 3 rd stage \"dauerlarvae\", maybe due to reduced food supplies and increased concentration of wastes. From 100 'eggs at start', 10000 to 14000 2 nd generations \"dauerlarvae\" developed at temperatures between 10 and 20 o C. In the interval from 10 to 25 o C, a substantial number of these survived more than 2 months.","PeriodicalId":404991,"journal":{"name":"The Open Zoology Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129964799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1