Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs最新文献

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Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-08-06 DOI: 10.5194/amt-2020-295-rc2

J. Henderson, D. Epple

引用次数: 0

Editors' Summary 编者总结

Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-08-06 DOI: 10.36019/9780813549774-008

Gary T. Burtless, Janet Rothenberg Pack

{"title":"Editors' Summary","authors":"Gary T. Burtless, Janet Rothenberg Pack","doi":"10.36019/9780813549774-008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813549774-008","url":null,"abstract":"BrookingsWharton Papers on Urban Affairs presents new research on urban economics to a broad audience of interested policy analysts and researchers. The papers and comments contained in this volume, the tenth in the series, were presented at a conference on November 13–14, 2008, at the Brookings Institution. The papers examine a range of issues that are relevant to urban economics, including the effects of job location in an urban area on residential choice patterns, racial bias in mortgage lending, and the effects of urban characteristics on the development of new patents. The volume also contains three papers on urban developments outside of the United States. The topics treated include urban sprawl in Europe, ruraltourban migration patterns in Brazil, and locational patterns of establishments across Japanese cities. After World War II, a growing percentage of Americans moved to the nation’s suburbs, and a shrinking percentage chose to live in central cities. This shift in residential patterns occurred at the same time as a shift in the location of jobs. Compared with job locations in the early postwar period, a smaller share of U.S. employment is now concentrated in central cities and a bigger share is located in the suburbs. For regional planners and urban economists, this raises an important question: Have residents of metropolitan areas flocked to the suburbs because that is where the jobs are? Or have employers followed urban migrants out into the suburbs? In their paper “Job Decentralization and Residential Location,” Leah Platt Boustan and Robert A. Margo offer a partial answer to this question using information on the residential choices of state government employees who hold jobs inside and outside of state capitals. The location of state capitals was chosen many decades ago, and no state has chosen to relocate its capital since the early twentieth century. State government employment in capital cities tends to be concentrated near the historical heart of cities, usually in or near the central business district. The persistence of state employment patterns in state capitals","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122422861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-08-06 DOI: 10.5194/nhess-2019-432-rc1

Dwight M. Jaffee, T. Piskorski

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Job Decentralization and Residential Location 工作分散与居住区位

Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-08-06 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2009.a271139

L. Boustan, R. Margo

引用次数: 14

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Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-08-06 DOI: 10.5194/nhess-2020-279-rc2

Alex Anas, J. Brueckner

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What Explains the Quantity and Quality of Local Inventive Activity? 如何解释地方发明创造活动的数量和质量?

Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-07-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1428391

Gerald A. Carlino, R. Hunt

引用次数: 31

A Reconsideration of the NAS Rule from an Industrial Agglomeration Perspective 产业集聚视角下对NAS规则的再思考

Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-02-01 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2009.a271144

Tomoya Mori, T. Smith

{"title":"A Reconsideration of the NAS Rule from an Industrial Agglomeration Perspective","authors":"Tomoya Mori, T. Smith","doi":"10.1353/urb.2009.a271144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2009.a271144","url":null,"abstract":"An empirical regularity designated as the Number-Average Size (NAS) Rule was first identified for the case of Japan by Mori, Nishikimi and Smith [71], and has since been extended to the US by Hsu [50]. This rule asserts a negative log-linear relation between the number and average population size of cities where a given industry is present, i.e., of industry-choice cities. Hence one of its key features is to focus on the presence or absence of industries in each city, rather than the percentage distribution of industries across cities. But despite the strong empirical regularity of this rule, there still remains the statistical question of whether such location patterns could simply have occurred by chance. Indeed, chance occurrences of certain industry-choice cities may be quite likely if, for example, one includes cities where only a single industrial establishment happens to appear. An alternative approach to industry-choice cities is proposed in a companion paper, Mori and Smith [73], which is based on industrial clustering. More specifically, this approach utilizes the statistical procedure developed in Mori and Smith [72] to identify spatially explicit patterns of agglomeration for each industry. In this context, the desired industry-choice cities are taken to be those (economic) cities that constitute at least part of a significant spatial agglomeration for the industry. With respect to these cluster-based industry-choice cities, the central objective of the present paper is to reconfirm the persistence of the NAS Rule between the years 1981 and 2001, as first observed in Mori et al. [71]. Indeed the NAS Rule is in some ways stronger under this new definition of industry-choice cities in that none of outlier industries in the original analysis show any significant agglomeration, and hence can be excluded from the present analysis. A second objective is to show that there has been a substantial churning of the industry mix in individual cities between these two time periods, and hence that persistence of the NAS Rule is even more remarkable in this light. Finally, these persistence results are extended to both the Rank Size Rule and the Hierarchy Principle of Christaller [13], which were shown in Mori et al. [71] to be intimately connected to the NAS Rule.","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129492910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Connecting Lagging and Leading Regions: The Role of Labor Mobility 连接落后和领先地区:劳动力流动的作用

Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2009-02-01 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4843

Somik V. Lall, C. Timmins, Shouyue Yu

{"title":"Connecting Lagging and Leading Regions: The Role of Labor Mobility","authors":"Somik V. Lall, C. Timmins, Shouyue Yu","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-4843","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4843","url":null,"abstract":"How can policies improve the welfare of people in economically lagging regions of countries? Should policies help jobs follow people? Or should they enable people to follow jobs? In most countries, market forces have encouraged the geographic concentration of people and economic activities - policies that try to offset these forces to encourage balanced economic growth have largely been unsuccessful. However, policies that help people get closer to economic density have improved individual welfare. In this paper, the authors examine the migration decisions of working-age Brazilians and find that the pull of higher wages in leading regions has a strong influence on the decision to migrate. However, many people are also\"pushed\"to migrate, starved of access to basic public services such as clean water and sanitation in their hometowns. Although migration is welfare-improving for these individuals, the economy may end up worse off as these migrants are more likely to add to congestion costs in cities than to contribute to agglomeration benefits. Encouraging human capital formation can stimulate labor mobility for economic gain; and improving access to and quality of basic services in lagging regions will directly improve welfare as well as reduce the type of migration motivated by the search for life-supporting basic services.","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133795701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28

Toward a Comprehensive Assessment of Road Pricing Accounting for Land Use 基于土地利用的道路收费综合评价研究

Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2008.a249795

A. Langer, C. Winston

{"title":"Toward a Comprehensive Assessment of Road Pricing Accounting for Land Use","authors":"A. Langer, C. Winston","doi":"10.1353/urb.2008.a249795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2008.a249795","url":null,"abstract":"Congestion on U.S. highways is a well-known social and economic prob lem that becomes progressively worse every year.1 Travel delays impose large costs, currently approaching some $40 billion annually, on motorists, truckers, and shippers.2 Economists have repeatedly attributed the problem to policy makers' failure to implement marginal cost congestion tolls to charge road users efficiently for their contribution to delays. By undercharging vehicles for using the nation's roadways, policymakers have also reduced the per-mile cost of commuting (including out-of-pocket and travel time costs) for most motorists and distorted the development of metro politan areas by inducing households to live in more distant, lower-density locations, thereby contributing to urban sprawl. Precise definitions of sprawl and estimates of its costs are elusive, because it is difficult to characterize an optimal pattern of land use.3 At the same time, it is likely that households' deci sions regarding residential location?while maximizing households' utility?have resulted in socially inefficient outcomes because they reduce economies of agglomeration. For instance, according to the U.S. census, between 1970 and 2000 the met ropolitan population in the United States grew approximately 60 percent. We","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125140116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

Prospects for Urban Road Pricing in Canada 加拿大城市道路收费展望

Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2008.a249793

R. Lindsey

{"title":"Prospects for Urban Road Pricing in Canada","authors":"R. Lindsey","doi":"10.1353/urb.2008.a249793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2008.a249793","url":null,"abstract":"When it opened to traffic in 1997, Highway 407 in Toronto became the world's first all-electronic, barrier-free toll highway, charging tolls based on vehi- cle type, distance driven, time of day, and day of week. But no comparable highways have been established in Canada since then. Of the 415,600 lane- kilometers of paved public roads in Canada, only 385 kilometers are tolled. 1 Except on Highway 407, the tolls do not vary over time, and no area-based road- pricing scheme exists. Moreover, Highway 407 is privately owned and operated. Road pricing as a tool for internalizing congestion or other traffic-related exter- nalities has therefore not proceeded far in Canada, which lags behind the United States and a number of countries in Europe and Asia with respect to pricing. This paper assesses the prospects for urban road pricing in Canada, focus- ing on the role of road pricing for congestion relief rather than environmental benefits or revenue generation, although revenue generation is given some attention. 2 Because congestion pricing has not been implemented anywhere in Canada and detailed plans have not been developed for any city, the possibilities are relatively wide open. The concept of an optimal implementation path for road pricing has been discussed in the literature, but no general and comprehensive rules have yet been established and it is clear that prescriptions must be tailored to city- specific circumstances and opportunities. Not surprisingly, the case for urban road pricing appears to be strongest in Canada's three largest cities: Toronto,","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125341900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18