Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs最新文献

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Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.5194/nhess-2020-311-rc2
K. Button, R. Noll
{"title":"Comment","authors":"K. Button, R. Noll","doi":"10.5194/nhess-2020-311-rc2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2020-311-rc2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"358 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133405770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
London Congestion Charging 伦敦拥堵费
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.1353/URB.0.0003
G. Santos
{"title":"London Congestion Charging","authors":"G. Santos","doi":"10.1353/URB.0.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/URB.0.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic congestion is a textbook example of an externality and therefore calls for some government intervention if efficiency is to be achieved. Simple as road pricing may sound, it has seldom been adopted as a real world policy. With the exception of Singapore, which in 1975 implemented the first such measure, no other examples were to be found until February 2003, when London introduced a congestion charge for the privilege of driving in the central area. Many towns and cities around the world have been observing the case with interest. Stockholm implemented its own version of road pricing in 2007, and San Francisco is currently entertaining the idea. The New York State Assembly was considering congestion pricing for New York City but rejected it in April 2008. The main reason why there are so few examples of road pricing is lack of public and therefore political acceptability, although London has proved that neither is an insurmountable obstacle to achieving the goal of reducing congestion. However, conditions in London before congestion charging took effect were very special: average speeds were extremely low, the transit use rate was unusually high, laws were already in place, and five years of technical analysis of different options for congestion charging had been completed. This paper discusses the reasons why London's government thought that charging for congestion made sense, the basic goal of the congestion charging project, and policymakers' intentions and expectations when they established it. It describes the project and how it works, exploring costs, revenues, and economic benefits, and focuses on the different impacts that congestion charging has had in London, including impacts on traffic, transit use, land use, and property prices. It also includes an assessment of the political aspects of the project, followed by an analysis of its basic goals and a theoretical assessment of the scheme as an instrument for achieving those goals. New plans to link the congestion charge to emissions also are discussed.","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124919436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 63
Reassessing the Role of National and Local Shocks in Metropolitan Area Housing Markets 重新评估国家和地方冲击在大都市地区住房市场中的作用
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2008.a249796
Raven E. Saks
{"title":"Reassessing the Role of National and Local Shocks in Metropolitan Area Housing Markets","authors":"Raven E. Saks","doi":"10.1353/urb.2008.a249796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2008.a249796","url":null,"abstract":"Spurred by the widening geographic disparities in residential construction and house prices, a growing body of research has emphasized the importance of local factors in explaining housing market dynamics. However, geographic dis persion in housing market outcomes does not necessarily imply that nationwide shocks have no effect on local housing markets. A prominent example to the con trary is the current housing market downturn. As illustrated in figure 1, many metropolitan areas experienced a deceleration of house prices and a contraction in construction from 2005 to 2006, suggesting that the recent decline in housing demand has been widespread across the United States.1 Thus, a complete analy sis of housing market fluctuations should consider national economic conditions as well as the local aspect of housing markets. In order to assess the relative impor tance of national and local factors, this paper examines the contribution of national and local shocks to annual changes in metropolitan area housing stocks and house prices from 1981 to 2006. The analysis establishes several stylized facts that describe the evolution of housing markets over the past 25 years. First, metropolitan area fixed effects explain a large fraction of the variation in annual changes in the housing stock,","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115840212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Neighborhoods, Economic Self-Sufficiency, and the MTO Program 社区,经济自给自足和MTO计划
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2008.a249798
J. Quigley, Steven Raphael
{"title":"Neighborhoods, Economic Self-Sufficiency, and the MTO Program","authors":"J. Quigley, Steven Raphael","doi":"10.1353/urb.2008.a249798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2008.a249798","url":null,"abstract":"JOHN M. QUIGLEY University of California, Berkeley STEVEN RAPHAEL University of California, Berkeley Neighborhoods, Economic Self- Sufficiency, and the MTO Program Despite the substantial decline in the degree of racial segregation in the U.S. housing market reported in the 2000 census, most African Americans still reside in communities that are geographically separate from those of white Amer- icans. 1 Continued racial disparities in income, education, and employment mean that housing segregation is accompanied by the concentration of poverty and high rates of joblessness in predominantly black neighborhoods. The concentration of black households in older, predominantly inner-city neighborhoods, coupled with the continuing decentralization of employment within metropolitan areas, reduces the access to jobs of low-skilled inner-city residents. Lack of access is compounded by public transit systems that do not facilitate reverse commuting and by low rates of automobile ownership among poor minority households. This “spatial mismatch” between the locations of low-skilled jobs and the residences of low-skilled workers has been a focus of labor economists since the late 1960s. 2 During the 1980s, concern with the employment effects of residential seg- regation was subordinated to a more general concern with the external effects of economic and racial segregation on social outcomes—for example, rates of school completion, teenage pregnancy, crime, and disease. These “neighbor- hood effects” were thought to contribute to the pathology of an urban “underclass.” 3 The spatial concentration of the poor declined during the 1990s, and the number of “underclass” census tracts declined by one-third. 4 Never- We thank Gary Burtless, David Card, Ingrid Gould Ellen, Jeffrey Kling, Helen Ladd, Jens Lud- wig, Janet Rothenberg Pack, Lisa Sanbonmatsu, Michael Stoll, and Bruce Weinberg for their valuable input. 1. See Jargowsky (2003). 2. Kain (1968). 3. Jencks and Peterson (1991). 4. Jargowsky and Yang (2006).","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"275 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115298049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 42
Antitrust Implications of Outcomes When Home Sellers Use Flat-Fee Real Estate Agents 当房屋卖家使用固定费用的房地产经纪人时,结果的反垄断含义
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2008.a249797
S. Levitt, C. Syverson
{"title":"Antitrust Implications of Outcomes When Home Sellers Use Flat-Fee Real Estate Agents","authors":"S. Levitt, C. Syverson","doi":"10.1353/urb.2008.a249797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2008.a249797","url":null,"abstract":"The last decade has not been kind to industries built on traditional models for providing agent-driven services to consumers. Between 1997 and 2006, employment in travel agencies fell by more than 35 percent. As late as the mid 1990s, commissions to trade a 100-share block of equity stock ranged from $75 to $150, but they have now dropped below $25, even at full-service brokerages, and they are lower still at online-only trade sites. The share of automobile insur ance policies written directly to customers (thus bypassing insurance agents) rose by almost 70 percent between 1997 and 2005. These changes were not driven by secular declines in demand for the underlying services that the agents brokered. Domestic enplanements by paying passengers rose 24 percent over the past decade. Equities trading volume is at near-record levels. The total dollar value of auto insurance policies written rose by almost 50 percent between 1997 and 2005.1 The diffusion of the Internet and associated electronic-commerce platforms has been cited as a likely explanation for the contractions. Whether by making it easier for consumers to find lower-cost agents or allowing consumers to bypass agents altogether by creating cheaper distribution mechanisms (a process known as disintermediation), such technologies have created difficulties for agent-based","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124763103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Comments 评论
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2008-10-10 DOI: 10.5194/amt-2020-229-rc1
Grace Lai‐Hung Wong, Minsup Hwang
{"title":"Comments","authors":"Grace Lai‐Hung Wong, Minsup Hwang","doi":"10.5194/amt-2020-229-rc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2020-229-rc1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126904775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editors' Summary 编者总结
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2007-09-11 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2007.0003
Gary T. Burtless, J. Pack
{"title":"Editors' Summary","authors":"Gary T. Burtless, J. Pack","doi":"10.1353/urb.2007.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2007.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs presents new research on urban economics to a broad audience of interested policy analysts and researchers. The papers and comments contained in this volume, the seventh in the series, were presented at a conference on October 19–20, 2006, at the Brookings Institution. The papers examine a number of issues that are relevant to urban economics, including the effects of government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) on borrowing costs and homeownership, the impact of business improvement districts (BIDs) on local property values, the influence of large-scale job loss on the future economic development of metropolitan areas, and the effects of terrorism on urban form and land use. Half of the papers are devoted to a symposium on the economic, distributional, and welfare effects of the GSEs: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127325069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
GSE Loan Purchases, the FHA, and Housing Outcomes in Targeted, Low-Income Neighborhoods GSE贷款购买、联邦住房管理局和目标低收入社区的住房成果
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2007-09-11 DOI: 10.1353/URB.2007.0000
Xudong An, Raphael W. Bostic, Yongheng Deng, S. Gabriel
{"title":"GSE Loan Purchases, the FHA, and Housing Outcomes in Targeted, Low-Income Neighborhoods","authors":"Xudong An, Raphael W. Bostic, Yongheng Deng, S. Gabriel","doi":"10.1353/URB.2007.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/URB.2007.0000","url":null,"abstract":"RECENT YEARS HAVE witnessed ongoing research and policy debate regarding the effects on lower-income and underserved housing markets of the affordable housing goals set by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). While the GSEs were established to provide liquidity to mortgage markets and to mitigate severe cyclical fluctuations in housing, those entities are intended as well to support the provision of mortgage credit and the attainment of homeownership in lower-income and minority communities. Indeed, federal regulators have devoted much attention of late to the performance of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in promoting the flow of funds to, and hence the widespread availability of mortgage credit among, targeted and underserved communities.","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125216259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 30
The Impacts of Terrorism on Urban Form 恐怖主义对城市形态的影响
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2007-09-11 DOI: 10.1353/URB.2007.0001
S. Blomberg, S. Sheppard
{"title":"The Impacts of Terrorism on Urban Form","authors":"S. Blomberg, S. Sheppard","doi":"10.1353/URB.2007.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/URB.2007.0001","url":null,"abstract":"During the past decade, terrorist attacks in New York, Washington, London, and other major cities have been popularly regarded as having profound impacts on the security and confidence of urban residents. The loss of life and damage to structures that transforms the urban landscape may similarly transform the structure of the urban economy. For example, many of the companies that resided in the World Trade Center were forced to relocate to midtown and the outer boroughs or New Jersey. Still others -- no one knows for sure how many -- have disappeared altogether. The World Trade Center housed 700 companies employing some 50,000 people. What happened to these firms and workers? More generally, what happens to economic agents in the aftermath of a terrorist attack? Fortunately, terrorist attacks of the magnitude of those that struck the United States on September 11, 2001, are rare and extraordinary events. In some cities, however, the terrorist attacks can be unrelenting, providing a constant threat of danger for years on end. These events, and the use of these tactics, could have significant impacts on the economic vitality of an urban area and the form of urban development. In this paper we address this issue by cataloging a large sample of terrorist attacks in major cities in the past two decades and linking these data to a new data set providing information on urban land use in a globally representative sample of cities. In doing so, we examine whether events like September 11 and much more frequent, smaller attacks influence the decisions to build and rebuild cities. Comment by Edward Glaeser pp 291-294 Language: en","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131856085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
Comments 评论
Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs Pub Date : 2007-09-11 DOI: 10.1353/urb.2007.0012
A. Saiz, W. Strange
{"title":"Comments","authors":"A. Saiz, W. Strange","doi":"10.1353/urb.2007.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/urb.2007.0012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":401012,"journal":{"name":"Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124471668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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