Current Protocols in Neuroscience最新文献

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Measuring Cognitive Judgement Bias in Rats Using the Ambiguous-Cue Interpretation Test 用模糊线索解释测试法测量大鼠的认知判断偏差
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.19
Justyna Papciak, Rafal Rygula
{"title":"Measuring Cognitive Judgement Bias in Rats Using the Ambiguous-Cue Interpretation Test","authors":"Justyna Papciak, Rafal Rygula","doi":"10.1002/cpns.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.19","url":null,"abstract":"An active-choice, operant, ambiguous-cue interpretation (ACI) paradigm is described that can be used for measuring cognitive judgement bias in rats. In this behavioral test, animals in an operant conditioning chamber are trained to press a lever to receive a food reward when a specific tone is presented, and to press another lever in response to a different tone to avoid punishment by an electric foot-shock. The tones, which serve as discriminative stimuli, acquire a positive or negative valence, and the training continues until the rats demonstrate a stable, correct discrimination between these two stimuli. The animals are tested after they have attained stable discrimination performance. The ambiguous-cue test consists of a discrimination task, as described above, but includes the presentation of additional tones with frequencies that are intermediate between the trained positive and negative tones. The lever-press response pattern to these ambiguous cues is considered an indicator of the rat's expectation of a positive or negative event; in other words, it is a measure of 'optimism' or 'pessimism', respectively. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71928413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Electroporation in the Rodent Embryonic Brain Using Whole Embryo Culture System 全胚培养系统在啮齿动物胚胎脑中的电穿孔研究
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.21
Takako Kikkawa, Masanori Takahashi, N. Osumi
{"title":"Electroporation in the Rodent Embryonic Brain Using Whole Embryo Culture System","authors":"Takako Kikkawa, Masanori Takahashi, N. Osumi","doi":"10.1002/cpns.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.21","url":null,"abstract":"This unit describes basic methods for mammalian whole embryo culture (WEC) using embryonic day 10.5 mouse embryos, including the preparation of high‐quality immediately centrifuged (IC) rat serum that is commonly used for WEC and is essential for normal growth and development of cultured mouse and rat embryos in vitro. An alternative protocol for different stages of rodent embryos is also introduced. Since embryos for WEC are dissected out of the uterus and manipulated under the microscope, one can overcome many of the difficulties of gene delivery encountered using in utero electroporation. A description for a gene transfer method to label neural stem/progenitor cells of the cortical primordium in a highly region‐specific manner is also included. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85265394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Intracerebral Injections and Ultrastructural Analysis of High‐Pressure Frozen Brain Tissue 高压冷冻脑组织的脑内注射和超微结构分析
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.22
M. Weil, T. Ruhwedel, W. Möbius, M. Simons
{"title":"Intracerebral Injections and Ultrastructural Analysis of High‐Pressure Frozen Brain Tissue","authors":"M. Weil, T. Ruhwedel, W. Möbius, M. Simons","doi":"10.1002/cpns.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.22","url":null,"abstract":"Intracerebral injections are an invasive method to bypass the blood brain barrier and are widely used to study molecular and cellular mechanisms of the central nervous system. The administered substances are injected directly at the site of interest, executing their effect locally. By combining injections in the rat brain with state‐of‐the‐art electron microscopy, subtle changes in ultrastructure of the nervous tissue can be detected prior to overt damage or disease. The protocol presented here involves stereotactic injection into the corpus callosum of Lewis rats and the cryopreparation of freshly dissected tissue for electron microscopy. The localization of the injection site in tissue sections during the sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy is explained and possible artifacts of the method are indicated. With the help of this powerful combination of injections and electron microscopy, subtle effects of the applied substances on the biology of neural cells can be identified and monitored over time. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74370832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Cigarette Smoke Extract: A Preclinical Model of Tobacco Dependence 香烟烟雾提取物:烟草依赖的临床前模型
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2016-10-15 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.14
Candice A. Gellner, Daisy D. Reynaga, Frances M. Leslie
{"title":"Cigarette Smoke Extract: A Preclinical Model of Tobacco Dependence","authors":"Candice A. Gellner,&nbsp;Daisy D. Reynaga,&nbsp;Frances M. Leslie","doi":"10.1002/cpns.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.14","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Animal models are used to study many human diseases, one of which is tobacco addiction. Most preclinical models use nicotine alone, although there are &gt;7000 constituents present in tobacco smoke. The clinical literature suggests that cigarettes have a strong addictive potential, which is not paralleled in preclinical studies using nicotine alone. In order to address the gap between clinical and preclinical literature on tobacco dependence, cigarette smoke extracts containing tobacco constituents have been developed. This unit describes a procedure for producing an aqueous cigarette smoke extract (CSE) which animals readily self-administer. In addition, we describe how to make the apparatus for producing CSE and how to analyze the solution for nicotine content. © 2016 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72153670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 40
Pica in Rats as a Preclinical Model of Emesis 大鼠癫痫的临床前模型
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2016-10-15 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.12
T. Gregg Davis
{"title":"Pica in Rats as a Preclinical Model of Emesis","authors":"T. Gregg Davis","doi":"10.1002/cpns.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The ability to assess the potential for gastrointestinal adverse events in a preclinical setting is a challenge in the development of new drugs, as the vast majority of in vivo research is conducted in rodent species lacking a vomiting reflex. The use of higher species capable of emesis is often limited by cost, technical experience, and relevant efficacy models to define a therapeutic index. Additionally, investigators should be mindful of ethical considerations when using more sentient species when an alternative in lower species is available. This unit describes the use of pica behavior in rodents as an alternative for evaluating emetic potential in vivo. After an acclimation period, the incidence of rats engaging in pica following the administration of a test article can be used to generate a dose-response curve of the pica behavior. When linked with an appropriate efficacy model, this allows compounds to be ranked based on therapeutic index. © 2016 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72153669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Automatic Dendritic Spine Quantification from Confocal Data with Neurolucida 360 利用Neurolucida 360从共焦数据自动定量树突棘
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2016-10-15 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.16
Dara L. Dickstein, Daniel R. Dickstein, William G. M. Janssen, Patrick R. Hof, Jacob R. Glaser, Alfredo Rodriguez, Nate O'Connor, Paul Angstman, Susan J. Tappan
{"title":"Automatic Dendritic Spine Quantification from Confocal Data with Neurolucida 360","authors":"Dara L. Dickstein,&nbsp;Daniel R. Dickstein,&nbsp;William G. M. Janssen,&nbsp;Patrick R. Hof,&nbsp;Jacob R. Glaser,&nbsp;Alfredo Rodriguez,&nbsp;Nate O'Connor,&nbsp;Paul Angstman,&nbsp;Susan J. Tappan","doi":"10.1002/cpns.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.16","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Determining the density and morphology of dendritic spines is of high biological significance given the role of spines in synaptic plasticity and in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Precise quantification of spines in three dimensions (3D) is essential for understanding the structural determinants of normal and pathological neuronal function. However, this quantification has been restricted to time- and labor-intensive methods such as electron microscopy and manual counting, which have limited throughput and are impractical for studies of large samples. While there have been some automated software packages that quantify spine number, they are limited in terms of their characterization of spine structure. This unit presents methods for objective dendritic spine morphometric analysis by providing image acquisition parameters needed to ensure optimal data series for proper spine detection, characterization, and quantification with Neurolucida 360. These protocols will be a valuable reference for scientists working towards quantifying and characterizing spines. © 2016 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.16","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72153673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 51
The Neonatal Ventral Hippocampal Lesion (NVHL) Rodent Model of Schizophrenia 新生儿腹侧海马损伤(NVHL)精神分裂症啮齿动物模型的建立
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2016-10-15 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.15
Anne Marie Brady
{"title":"The Neonatal Ventral Hippocampal Lesion (NVHL) Rodent Model of Schizophrenia","authors":"Anne Marie Brady","doi":"10.1002/cpns.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Animal models are crucial to the study of the neurobiological bases of psychiatric disorders, but schizophrenia is a particularly challenging disorder to model given the complexity and heavily verbal nature of its symptoms. This unit describes a developmental surgical rodent model of schizophrenia, the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) model. This widely used model produces reliable behavioral abnormalities that are comparable to those observed in patients, as well as anatomical and neurophysiological disruptions in forebrain areas that are also implicated in schizophrenia. A brief background of the development and validity of the NVHL model is discussed here, along with detailed procedures for producing the model in rats. Critical issues particular to neonatal surgery are discussed, and representative histological and behavioral results are presented. © 2016 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.15","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72153671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Cerebral Cortex Electroporation to Study Projection Neuron Migration 大脑皮层电穿孔研究投射神经元迁移
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2016-10-15 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.13
Emilie Pacary, François Guillemot
{"title":"Cerebral Cortex Electroporation to Study Projection Neuron Migration","authors":"Emilie Pacary,&nbsp;François Guillemot","doi":"10.1002/cpns.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.13","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brain electroporation is a rapid and powerful approach to study neuronal development. In particular, this technique has become a method of choice for studying the process of radial migration of projection neurons in the embryonic cerebral cortex. This method has considerably helped to describe in detail the different steps of radial migration and to characterize the molecular mechanisms controlling this process. Delineating the complexities of neuronal migration is critical to our understanding not only of normal cerebral cortex formation but also of neurodevelopmental disorders resulting from neuronal migration defects. Here, we describe in detail the protocols to perform in utero or ex vivo electroporation of progenitor cells in the ventricular zone of the cerebral cortex with the aim of studying the process of radial migration of projection neurons during embryonic development. © 2016 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72153672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
The Movement Tracker: A Flexible System for Automated Movement Analysis in Invertebrate Model Organisms 运动跟踪器:一种用于无脊椎动物模型生物自动运动分析的柔性系统
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2016-10-15 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.17
Laurent Mouchiroud, Vincenzo Sorrentino, Evan G. Williams, Matteo Cornaglia, Michael V. Frochaux, Tao Lin, Amandine A. Nicolet-dit-Félix, Gopal Krishnamani, Tarik Ouhmad, Martin A.M. Gijs, Bart Deplancke, Johan Auwerx
{"title":"The Movement Tracker: A Flexible System for Automated Movement Analysis in Invertebrate Model Organisms","authors":"Laurent Mouchiroud,&nbsp;Vincenzo Sorrentino,&nbsp;Evan G. Williams,&nbsp;Matteo Cornaglia,&nbsp;Michael V. Frochaux,&nbsp;Tao Lin,&nbsp;Amandine A. Nicolet-dit-Félix,&nbsp;Gopal Krishnamani,&nbsp;Tarik Ouhmad,&nbsp;Martin A.M. Gijs,&nbsp;Bart Deplancke,&nbsp;Johan Auwerx","doi":"10.1002/cpns.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.17","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phenotyping strategies in simple model organisms such as <i>D. melanogaster</i> and <i>C. elegans</i> are often broadly limited to growth, aging, and fitness. Recently, a number of physical setups and video tracking software suites have been developed to allow for accurate, quantitative, and high-throughput analysis of movement in flies and worms. However, many of these systems require precise experimental setups and/or fixed recording formats. We report here an update to the Parallel Worm Tracker software, which we termed the Movement Tracker. The Movement Tracker allows variable experimental setups to provide cross-platform automated processing of a variety of movement characteristics in both worms and flies and permits the use of simple physical setups that can be readily implemented in any laboratory. This software allows high-throughput processing capabilities and high levels of flexibility in video analysis, providing quantitative movement data on <i>C. elegans</i> and <i>D. melanogaster</i> in a variety of different conditions. © 2016 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.17","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72153674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
The Movement Tracker: A Flexible System for Automated Movement Analysis in Invertebrate Model Organisms 运动跟踪器:用于无脊椎模式生物自动运动分析的灵活系统
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2016-10-01 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.17
L. Mouchiroud, Vincenzo Sorrentino, Evan G. Williams, M. Cornaglia, Michael V. Frochaux, Tao Lin, Amandine A Nicolet-dit-Félix, G. Krishnamani, Tarik Ouhmad, M. Gijs, B. Deplancke, J. Auwerx
{"title":"The Movement Tracker: A Flexible System for Automated Movement Analysis in Invertebrate Model Organisms","authors":"L. Mouchiroud, Vincenzo Sorrentino, Evan G. Williams, M. Cornaglia, Michael V. Frochaux, Tao Lin, Amandine A Nicolet-dit-Félix, G. Krishnamani, Tarik Ouhmad, M. Gijs, B. Deplancke, J. Auwerx","doi":"10.1002/cpns.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.17","url":null,"abstract":"Phenotyping strategies in simple model organisms such as D. melanogaster and C. elegans are often broadly limited to growth, aging, and fitness. Recently, a number of physical setups and video tracking software suites have been developed to allow for accurate, quantitative, and high‐throughput analysis of movement in flies and worms. However, many of these systems require precise experimental setups and/or fixed recording formats. We report here an update to the Parallel Worm Tracker software, which we termed the Movement Tracker. The Movement Tracker allows variable experimental setups to provide cross‐platform automated processing of a variety of movement characteristics in both worms and flies and permits the use of simple physical setups that can be readily implemented in any laboratory. This software allows high‐throughput processing capabilities and high levels of flexibility in video analysis, providing quantitative movement data on C. elegans and D. melanogaster in a variety of different conditions. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83559671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 15
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