Current Protocols in Neuroscience最新文献

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Hybridization Histochemistry of Neural Transcripts 神经转录本的杂交组织化学
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2018-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.39
W. Scott Young, June Song, Éva Mezey
{"title":"Hybridization Histochemistry of Neural Transcripts","authors":"W. Scott Young,&nbsp;June Song,&nbsp;Éva Mezey","doi":"10.1002/cpns.39","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpns.39","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit presents protocols to locate RNA transcripts in tissues. Numerous approaches are detailed, including those that use radiolabeled or colorimetric probes. Also, the probes may be modified oligodeoxynucleotides, singly or in pairs, as well as ribonucleic acids. High sensitivity and specificity are obtained, especially with sets of oligodeoxynucleotide pairs. © 2018 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.39","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35755626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
A Guide to Robust Statistical Methods in Neuroscience 神经科学稳健统计方法指南
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2018-01-22 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.41
Rand R. Wilcox, Guillaume A. Rousselet
{"title":"A Guide to Robust Statistical Methods in Neuroscience","authors":"Rand R. Wilcox,&nbsp;Guillaume A. Rousselet","doi":"10.1002/cpns.41","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpns.41","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a vast array of new and improved methods for comparing groups and studying associations that offer the potential for substantially increasing power, providing improved control over the probability of a Type I error, and yielding a deeper and more nuanced understanding of data. These new techniques effectively deal with four insights into when and why conventional methods can be unsatisfactory. But for the non-statistician, the vast array of new and improved techniques for comparing groups and studying associations can seem daunting, simply because there are so many new methods that are now available. This unit briefly reviews when and why conventional methods can have relatively low power and yield misleading results. The main goal is to suggest some general guidelines regarding when, how, and why certain modern techniques might be used. © 2018 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.41","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35755624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 85
Quantitative High-Throughput Screening Using a Coincidence Reporter Biocircuit 使用巧合报告生物电路的定量高通量筛选
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-04-10 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.27
Brittany W. Schuck, Ryan MacArthur, James Inglese
{"title":"Quantitative High-Throughput Screening Using a Coincidence Reporter Biocircuit","authors":"Brittany W. Schuck,&nbsp;Ryan MacArthur,&nbsp;James Inglese","doi":"10.1002/cpns.27","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpns.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reporter-biased artifacts—i.e., compounds that interact directly with the reporter enzyme used in a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay and not the biological process or pharmacology being interrogated—are now widely recognized to reduce the efficiency and quality of HTS used for chemical probe and therapeutic development. Furthermore, narrow or single-concentration HTS perpetuates false negatives during primary screening campaigns. Titration-based HTS, or quantitative HTS (qHTS), and coincidence reporter technology can be employed to reduce false negatives and false positives, respectively, thereby increasing the quality and efficiency of primary screening efforts, where the number of compounds investigated can range from tens of thousands to millions. The three protocols described here allow for generation of a coincidence reporter (CR) biocircuit to interrogate a biological or pharmacological question of interest, generation of a stable cell line expressing the CR biocircuit, and qHTS using the CR biocircuit to efficiently identify high-quality biologically active small molecules. © 2017 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34904379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran Extravasation as a Measure of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability 异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)-葡聚糖外渗测定血脑屏障通透性
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-04-10 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.25
Reka Natarajan, Nicole Northrop, Bryan Yamamoto
{"title":"Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC)-Dextran Extravasation as a Measure of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability","authors":"Reka Natarajan,&nbsp;Nicole Northrop,&nbsp;Bryan Yamamoto","doi":"10.1002/cpns.25","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpns.25","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed in part by vascular endothelial cells that constitute the capillaries and microvessels of the brain. The function of this barrier is to maintain homeostasis within the brain microenvironment and buffer the brain from changes in the periphery. A dysfunction of the BBB would permit circulating molecules and pathogens typically restricted to the periphery to enter the brain and interfere with normal brain function. As increased permeability of the BBB is associated with several neuropathologies, it is important to have a reliable and sensitive method that determines BBB permeability and the degree of BBB disruption. A detailed protocol is presented for assessing the integrity of the BBB by transcardial perfusion of a 10,000 Da FITC-labeled dextran molecule and its visualization to determine the degree of extravasation from brain microvessels. © 2017 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.25","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34904381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 55
CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in the Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation 利用子宫电穿孔技术,CRISPR/ cas9介导的小鼠大脑基因敲除
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-04-10 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.26
Yohei Shinmyo, Hiroshi Kawasaki
{"title":"CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Knockout in the Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation","authors":"Yohei Shinmyo,&nbsp;Hiroshi Kawasaki","doi":"10.1002/cpns.26","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpns.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit describes a highly efficient and rapid procedure for brain-specific disruption of genes in the developing mouse brain using pX330 plasmids expressing humanized Cas9 and single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) against target genes. The pX330 plasmids are delivered into the rodent brain using in utero electroporation. Focusing on the <i>Satb2</i> gene, which encodes an AT-rich DNA-binding transcription factor, we found that the introduction of pX330-Satb2 induced insertion/deletion (indel) mutations near the predicted cleavage site in the <i>Satb2</i> gene, resulting in a dramatic reduction of Satb2 expression in post-mitotic neurons. Moreover, introduction of pX330-Satb2 induced abnormalities in axonal projection patterns, which was consistent with the phenotypes observed in <i>Satb2</i> mutant mice. Thus, the procedure described here, combining the CRISPR/Cas9 system and in utero electroporation, is useful for knocking out genes of interest in the living rodent brain. © 2017 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34904380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 10
Systems Genetic Analysis in GeneNetwork.org GeneNetwork.org系统遗传分析
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-04-10 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.23
Clarissa C. Parker, Price E. Dickson, Vivek M. Philip, Mary Thomas, Elissa J. Chesler
{"title":"Systems Genetic Analysis in GeneNetwork.org","authors":"Clarissa C. Parker,&nbsp;Price E. Dickson,&nbsp;Vivek M. Philip,&nbsp;Mary Thomas,&nbsp;Elissa J. Chesler","doi":"10.1002/cpns.23","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpns.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have emerged as a powerful tool to identify alleles and molecular pathways that influence susceptibility to psychiatric disorders and other diseases. Forward genetics using mouse mapping populations allows for a complementary approach that provides rigorous genetic and environmental control. In this unit, we describe techniques and tools that reduce the technical burden traditionally associated with genetic mapping in mice and enhance their translational utility to human psychiatric disorders. We provide guidance on choosing the appropriate mapping population, discuss the importance of phenotype, and offer detailed instructions on using the Web-based resource GeneNetwork to aid neuroscientists in better understanding the mechanisms through which genes influence behavior. We believe that the continued development of mouse mapping populations, genetic tools, bioinformatics resources, and statistical methodologies should remain a parallel strategy by which to investigate the genetic and environmental underpinnings of psychiatric disorders and other diseases in humans. © 2017 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34904378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Intracerebral Injections and Ultrastructural Analysis of High-Pressure Frozen Brain Tissue 高压冷冻脑组织的脑内注射及超微结构分析
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-01-03 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.22
Marie-Theres Weil, Torben Ruhwedel, Wiebke Möbius, Mikael Simons
{"title":"Intracerebral Injections and Ultrastructural Analysis of High-Pressure Frozen Brain Tissue","authors":"Marie-Theres Weil,&nbsp;Torben Ruhwedel,&nbsp;Wiebke Möbius,&nbsp;Mikael Simons","doi":"10.1002/cpns.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Intracerebral injections are an invasive method to bypass the blood brain barrier and are widely used to study molecular and cellular mechanisms of the central nervous system. The administered substances are injected directly at the site of interest, executing their effect locally. By combining injections in the rat brain with state-of-the-art electron microscopy, subtle changes in ultrastructure of the nervous tissue can be detected prior to overt damage or disease. The protocol presented here involves stereotactic injection into the corpus callosum of Lewis rats and the cryopreparation of freshly dissected tissue for electron microscopy. The localization of the injection site in tissue sections during the sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy is explained and possible artifacts of the method are indicated. With the help of this powerful combination of injections and electron microscopy, subtle effects of the applied substances on the biology of neural cells can be identified and monitored over time. © 2017 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71928416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Electroporation in the Rodent Embryonic Brain Using Whole Embryo Culture System 利用全胚胎培养系统对啮齿动物胚胎脑进行电穿孔
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-01-03 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.21
Takako Kikkawa, Masanori Takahashi, Noriko Osumi
{"title":"Electroporation in the Rodent Embryonic Brain Using Whole Embryo Culture System","authors":"Takako Kikkawa,&nbsp;Masanori Takahashi,&nbsp;Noriko Osumi","doi":"10.1002/cpns.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This unit describes basic methods for mammalian whole embryo culture (WEC) using embryonic day 10.5 mouse embryos, including the preparation of high-quality immediately centrifuged (IC) rat serum that is commonly used for WEC and is essential for normal growth and development of cultured mouse and rat embryos in vitro. An alternative protocol for different stages of rodent embryos is also introduced. Since embryos for WEC are dissected out of the uterus and manipulated under the microscope, one can overcome many of the difficulties of gene delivery encountered using in utero electroporation. A description for a gene transfer method to label neural stem/progenitor cells of the cortical primordium in a highly region-specific manner is also included. © 2017 by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</p>","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71928414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Five-Choice Continuous Performance Task (5C-CPT): A Cross-Species Relevant Paradigm for Assessment of Vigilance and Response Inhibition in Rodents 五选择连续性能任务(5C-CPT):评估啮齿动物警惕性和反应抑制的跨物种相关范式
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.20
Zackary A. Cope, Jared W. Young
{"title":"The Five-Choice Continuous Performance Task (5C-CPT): A Cross-Species Relevant Paradigm for Assessment of Vigilance and Response Inhibition in Rodents","authors":"Zackary A. Cope,&nbsp;Jared W. Young","doi":"10.1002/cpns.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.20","url":null,"abstract":"Deficits in the domains of attention and response inhibition are central to many psychiatric disorders. As such, animal models of disorders purporting to replicate these behavioral deficits first require tests that can accurately assess the behaviors with high fidelity. The gold-standard clinical test of attention and response inhibition is the continuous performance test (CPT). Although there are a number of CPTs, all share the premise of responding to target stimuli and inhibiting from responding to non-target stimuli. The recently developed rodent five-choice CPT (5C-CPT) requires similar behavioral responses, enabling signal detection parameter calculations. With demonstrable feasibility for rodent testing, the 5C-CPT permits/facilitates: (1) delineation of neural mechanisms underlying these behaviors; (2) multifactorial analyses of the complex interplay between genetic and environmental manipulations relevant to psychiatric disorders; and hence (3) development of novel targeted treatments. All data to date indicate that the rodent 5C-CPT described here has direct translatability to clinical CPTs, producing equivalent measures of behavior in experimental animals to those assessed in humans. The 5C-CPT task provides an important tool toward delineating these mechanisms and developing treatments. However, it is also complex, with long training times and nuances requiring a thorough understanding before utilization. This unit will enable researchers to avoid potential missteps, greatly increasing the likelihood of success. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71928412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Visualizing Changes in Neuronal Dendritic Morphology in Response to Stress and Pharmacological Challenge 可视化神经元树突形态在应激和药理学挑战反应中的变化
Current Protocols in Neuroscience Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.18
Cara L. Wellman
{"title":"Visualizing Changes in Neuronal Dendritic Morphology in Response to Stress and Pharmacological Challenge","authors":"Cara L. Wellman","doi":"10.1002/cpns.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpns.18","url":null,"abstract":"This unit outlines a protocol for Golgi staining, which has been used extensively to reliably and quantitatively assess alterations in dendritic arborization and spine density as a result of a variety of factors, including chronic administration of glucocorticoids, chronic stress, and pharmacological manipulations. The method stains neurons in their entirety, allowing for sophisticated analyses of branch lengths and numbers as well as patterns of dendritic branching. Advantages of the technique include its usefulness in multisite collaborations and its utility in visualizing neurons in multiple regions within the same brain. Given that it typically labels approximately one in one hundred neurons, many neurons per region of interest can be sampled per animal, greatly increasing the ability to obtain a representative sample of neurons. Limitations include its time-consuming nature, the hazardous chemicals employed, and the inability to use the stain to identify discrete subpopulations of neurons based on their projections, activation, or protein expression. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","PeriodicalId":40016,"journal":{"name":"Current Protocols in Neuroscience","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/cpns.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71928415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
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