Recent Results in Cancer Research最新文献_第9页

High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses and DNA Repair. 高危人乳头瘤病毒与DNA修复。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_7

Kavi Mehta, Laimonis Laimins

引用次数: 5

Ethical Aspects of Regulating Oncology Products. 规范肿瘤产品的伦理方面。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_9

Lorenzo Guizzaro, Spyridon Drosos, Ulrik Kihlbom, Francesco Pignatti

{"title":"Ethical Aspects of Regulating Oncology Products.","authors":"Lorenzo Guizzaro, Spyridon Drosos, Ulrik Kihlbom, Francesco Pignatti","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_9","url":null,"abstract":"Medicines, including those intended for the treatment of cancer, are tightly regulated. Such regulation, historically linked to disasters due to unsafe medicines, evolved to cover all aspects of research around the quality, safety and efficacy of candidate medicines. This chapter intends to give an introduction on what regulators do and where the ethical foundations for regulating medicines might be searched. Some specific dilemmas will be explored, such as (i) whether at all, and if so subject to which conditions, research on animals is justified; (ii) what to do when potentially useful data on a medicine were collected unethically; (iii) which additional ethical challenges are posed by the fact that regulators have to make decisions on a medicine under uncertainty; and (iv) how to account for patients' preferences (and their heterogeneity) in regulatory decision-making. An overview of emerging topics such as use of healthcare data and open science is also proposed. While not intending to cover all arguments in the complex conversation around the regulation of medicines for cancer (let alone, around the regulation of medicines in general), this chapter aims to give a basis for further reading.","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"119-134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ethical Challenges in Pediatric Oncology Care and Clinical Trials. 儿科肿瘤护理和临床试验中的伦理挑战。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_11

Daniel J Benedetti, Jonathan M Marron

{"title":"Ethical Challenges in Pediatric Oncology Care and Clinical Trials.","authors":"Daniel J Benedetti, Jonathan M Marron","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_11","url":null,"abstract":"The care of pediatric cancer patients is a vast departure from cancer care of adults. While the available treatment modalities-chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery-are the same, the diseases, care-delivery, and outcomes differ greatly. And just as 'children are not just little adults,' pediatric bioethics occupies a distinct place within the broader field of bioethics. In this chapter, we will begin with an introduction to fundamental principles and frameworks for understanding ethical issues in pediatrics, highlighting the triadic nature of medical decision-making between a physician, the child-patient, and the child's parent as the surrogate decision-maker. We will then delve into further details of how these principles and frameworks shape the care of children with cancer, examining specific ethical challenges commonly encountered by pediatric oncologists. We will traverse this landscape by examining issues involving (a) informed consent; (b) research involving children; (c) end of life; (d) genetic and genomic testing; and (e) professionalism. We also examine ethical challenges in clinical research, in children and more broadly. While not an exhaustive exploration of the myriad ethical issues one might encounter in pediatric cancer medicine and clinical trials, this chapter provides readers with a foundation for further reading.","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"149-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Realization or Abandonment of Self-determination? 安乐死与协助自杀:自我决定的实现还是放弃?

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_14

Axel W Bauer

{"title":"Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Realization or Abandonment of Self-determination?","authors":"Axel W Bauer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_14","url":null,"abstract":"There are undoubtedly sick people who suffer terribly, and of course this should not be. No patient with incurable cancer is to be so tortured for months or years that they want only to die and lack the means to do so. Being unable to die can be worse than death, one might say or think. But until we ourselves have crossed that frontier, we do not know this for certain. To die could be worse than not being able to die. One case is difficult to distinguish from the other. But we pretend we can distinguish them if we praise assisted suicide and euthanasia as solutions to a problem that we not only do not solve, but make worse. Do we need assisted suicide in the face of non-dying skills? The author's answer is no: we do not need euthanasia, neither in that nor in any other case. The logic of euthanasia itself decrees that it cannot be restricted to exceptional cases, based as it is on the idea that the patient's autonomy is to be valued more highly than their actual illness. But if autonomy were of absolute value, it could not be limited to cases of severe disease. The reasons which supporters of euthanasia cite for limiting assisted suicide to the most serious cases of illness, therefore, speak against euthanasia in general. Once the first step has been taken, the application can no longer be limited if, on the one hand, the 'autonomous' desire for death is superior to any counter-argument, and on the other hand, no state of illness is conceivable that could call into question the alleged autonomy.","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"219-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

One in Four Dies of Cancer. Questions About the Epidemiology of Malignant Tumours. 四分之一的人死于癌症关于恶性肿瘤流行病学的问题。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_2

Christel Weiss

{"title":"One in Four Dies of Cancer. Questions About the Epidemiology of Malignant Tumours.","authors":"Christel Weiss","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_2","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally. Malignant tumours are responsible for about 9.6 million deaths in 2018 (Ritchie H (2019) How many people in the world die from cancer? https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-people-in-the-world-die-from-cancer ). Worldwide, about 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer. This confronts researches with the question of their origin and doctors with treatment options. It is common sense that great efforts should be done in order to reduce the number of cancer-specific deaths. In recent years, in lots of countries a variety of cancer screening programs have been developed, investigated and improved. The basic idea of this approach seems to be quite simple: Tumours will be detected at a very early stage when patients do not yet feel clinical symptoms. Thus, using an appropriate therapy, progression of the disease can be prevented and, concerning a whole population, disease-specific mortality should be reduced. Actually, after the introduction of screening programs, an increasing number of new cancer cases can be observed associated with an apparent reduction of the case fatality rate (i.e. the proportion of deaths due to cancer). Partly, the increasing number of cancers may be explained by the fact that people have a higher life expectancy. Under this aspect, the decreased case fatality rate could be considered as a success which may be attributed to screening efforts. However, there is still insufficient evidence affirming benefits of screening programs for crucial outcomes, i.e. all-cause mortality. In this narrative review, the phenomenon that probabilities and risks are rather often interpreted in an inadmissible way will be described. Furthermore, conceptual issues and inconsistencies between evidence and opinion about screening will be explored.","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"15-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Harms and Benefits of Cancer Screening. 癌症筛查的危害和益处。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_7

Bernt-Peter Robra

{"title":"Harms and Benefits of Cancer Screening.","authors":"Bernt-Peter Robra","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_7","url":null,"abstract":"In recommending and offering screening, health services make a health claim ('it's good for you'). This article considers ethical aspects of establishing the case for cancer screening, building a service programme, monitoring its operation, improving its quality and integrating it with medical progress. The value of (first) screening is derived as a function of key parameters: prevalence of the target lesion in the detectable pre-clinical phase, the validity of the test and the respective net utilities or values attributed to four health states-true positives, false positives, false negatives and true negatives. Decision makers as diverse as public regulatory agencies, medical associations, health insurance funds or individual screenees can legitimately come up with different values even when presented with the same evidence base. The main intended benefit of screening is the reduction of cause-specific mortality. All-cause mortality is not measurably affected. Overdiagnosis and false-positive tests with their sequelae are the main harms. Harms and benefits accrue to distinct individuals. Hence the health claim is an invitation to a lottery with benefits for few and harms to many, a violation of the non-maleficence principle. While a public decision maker may still propose a justified screening programme, respect for individual rights and values requires preference-sensitive, autonomy-enhancing educational materials-even at the expense of programme effectiveness. Opt-in recommendations and more 'consumer-oriented' qualitative research are needed.","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"85-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Cancer in Literature: Between Phenomenology and Symbolism. 文学中的癌症:现象学与象征主义之间。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_18

Dietrich von Engelhardt

引用次数: 0

Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Post-transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease. eb病毒相关的移植后淋巴增生性疾病。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_9

Richard F Ambinder

引用次数: 3

Cancer and Life Beyond It: Patient Testimony as a Contribution to Subjective Evidence. 癌症和超越它的生活:病人的证词作为对主观证据的贡献。

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_17

Mariacarla Gadebusch Bondio, Ingo F Herrmann

{"title":"Cancer and Life Beyond It: Patient Testimony as a Contribution to Subjective Evidence.","authors":"Mariacarla Gadebusch Bondio, Ingo F Herrmann","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_17","url":null,"abstract":"Patient narratives are a very valuable literary and medical resource. They transcribe the experience of illness into the life stories of the subject and the author. A serious case of cancer triggers the very individual experience of vulnerability, suffering, dependence, and even contingency in the no longer 'open' future. Even after overcoming cancer, life is never the same again. Writing about one's own experience of cancer is a hermeneutic feat of strength with ethical and aesthetic implications. In the age of personalized and evidence-based medicine, patient narratives offer a particular and necessary supplement to the objectifying medical perspective, since they constitute expressions of subjective evidence. This article is based on the direct experience of cancer by the co-author of the narrative. The long history of her illness is presented chronologically in her own words and has been translated from Italian to English. This is followed by an essay, published here for the first time, on \"the life beyond cancer\", on the patient's time without tumors and the consequences of therapies and mutilating operations. Our methodological approach is based on Havi Carel's Phenomenology of Illness. The close reading of this pathography focuses on three aspects: (1) the effect and power of words; (2) the passage from wariness to awareness; and (3) the maintenance of personal quality of life during and after cancer.","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"259-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38923214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Advance Directives for Medical Decisions. 医疗决定的预先指示

Recent Results in Cancer Research Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_13

R Beckmann

引用次数: 0