Recent Results in Cancer Research最新文献

{"title":"Ethical Challenges Using Human Tumor Cell Lines in Cancer Research.","authors":"Wilhelm G Dirks","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human and animal cell cultures are indispensable model systems for the biomedical research and pharmaceutical industry and already represent one of the most important alternatives to animal experiments. The development of mammalian cell culture started in the first half of the last century when fundamental questions of genetics were unresolved and the pioneers of cell culture did not care about individual personality rights of donors of biomaterials. However, cultivation of primary and continuous cell cultures was and still is usually associated with the use of FBS, which-almost universally applicable-is questionable in terms of extraction and quality variations measurably affecting reproducibility of results. The history of the cell line HeLa is a prime example for the development of biomedical research with its great successes in the fight against cancer and development of Polio Virus vaccinia, but also for limitations in the public and scientific applications of cell lines in the age of digitization and bioinformatics. HeLa leads from the establishment of the first human continuous cell line to initial cancer research using tumor cells, from disastrous cross-contaminations by HeLa cell cultures to legal and ethical controversy by reading out the individual genome and the commercial use that continues to this day.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis.","authors":"Jiyoung Lee, Kuen-Nan Tsai, Jing-Hsiung James Ou","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are approximately 250 million people in the world that are chronically infected by this virus, resulting in nearly 1 million deaths every year. Many of these patients die from severe liver diseases, including HCC. HBV may induce HCC through the induction of chronic liver inflammation, which can cause oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, many studies also indicated that HBV could induce HCC via the alteration of hepatocellular physiology that may involve genetic and epigenetic changes of the host DNA, the alteration of cellular signaling pathways, and the inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms. This alteration of cellular physiology can lead to the accumulation of DNA damages and the promotion of cell cycles and predispose hepatocytes to oncogenic transformation.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"217 ","pages":"47-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9950659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HTLV-1 Replication and Adult T Cell Leukemia Development.","authors":"Chou-Zen Giam","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was discovered in 1980 as the first, and to date, the only retrovirus that causes human cancer. While HTLV-1 infection is generally asymptomatic, 3-5% of infected individuals develop a T cell neoplasm known as adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) decades after infection. Since its discovery, HTLV-1 has served as a model for understanding retroviral oncogenesis, transcriptional regulation, cellular signal transduction, and cell-associated viral infection and spread. Much of the initial research was focused on the viral trans-activator/oncoprotein, Tax. Over the past decade, the study of HTLV-1 has entered the genomic era. With the development of new systems for studying HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis, the completion of the whole genome, exome and transcriptome sequencing analyses of ATL, and the discovery of HBZ as another HTLV-1 oncogene, many established concepts about how HTLV-1 infects, persists and causes disease have undergone substantial revision. This chapter seeks to integrate our current understanding of the mechanisms of action of Tax and HBZ with the comprehensive genomic information of ATL to provide an overview of how HTLV-1 infects, replicates and causes leukemia.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":" ","pages":"209-243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38705920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ethical Pain and Terminal Chaperonage.","authors":"Robert E Feldmann,&nbsp;Justus Benrath","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Terminal chaperonage embedded in palliative care deeply resonates with human needs and has undergone significant advances in the past decades. At the same time, it is in jeopardy due to austerity measures in healthcare. Its comprehensive translation in philanthropic end-of-life practice necessitates reflection on underlying ethical issues. This chapter addresses ethical aspects arising in pain and terminal chaperonage and deduces important ethical imperatives in the wake of the palliative mandate. The imperatives affect the deployment of resources necessary for a humane pain and terminal chaperonage, one that is to be comprehensive and flexible in design and implementation at the same time. Furthermore, they are concerned with critical implications for dying clients emerging from the idiosyncratic properties of opioids with respect to their potential to induce mental status alterations. Given that living and dying are profoundly mental by nature, the human mind plays a fundamental role in the command of both. Based on this, this chapter also outlines the essentials of terminal thought plasticity and affect catharsis en route to a mindful, decent death. It identifies and advocates eight most fundamental affective, respectively cognitive fields of the human mind, the \"Ensemble of the essential eight iridescent fields of relinquishment\", whose adaptable, culturally sensitive facilitation in mental management prior to death may have to be considered the core ethical imperative in terminal chaperonage - in true congruence with philanthropic end-of-life care.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"175-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevention of Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Liver Cancer.","authors":"E J Lim,&nbsp;J Torresi","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":" ","pages":"107-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38705917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Introduction to Virus Infections and Human Cancer.","authors":"John T Schiller, Douglas R Lowy","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Approximately, 1.4 million virus-induced cancers occur annually, representing roughly 10% of the worldwide cancer burden, with the majority (> 85%) occurring in the lower- and middle-income countries. The viruses associated with the greatest number of cancer cases are human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which cause cervical cancer and several other epithelial malignancies, and hepatitis viruses HBV and HCV, which are responsible for the majority of hepatocellular cancer. Other oncoviruses include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I), and Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV). These oncoviruses include various classes of DNA and RNA viruses and induce cancer by a variety of mechanisms. However, cancers develop in a minority of infected individuals and almost always after chronic infection of many year's duration. Identification of the oncoviruses has provided critical insights in human carcinogenesis and led to several interventions that may reduce the risk of developing the tumors they induce. These interventions include preventive vaccines against HBV and HPV, screening for persistent HPV and HCV infections, antivirals for the treatment of chronic HBV and HCV infection, and screening the blood supply for the presence of HBV and HCV. Further efforts to identify additional oncogenic viruses in human cancers and new insights into etiology and pathogenesis of virally induced cancers would likely lead to new approaches for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8336782/pdf/nihms-1729257.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38610145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Liver Living Donation for Cancer Patients: Benefits, Risks, Justification.","authors":"Silvio Nadalin,&nbsp;Lara Genedy,&nbsp;Alfred Königsrainer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>LDLT covers all standard indications for liver transplantation, and the results are similar or even better than for standard DDLT. Due to the donor shortage and long waiting time, LDLT has become a relevant option for patients with liver tumors, provided the expected five-year survival rate is comparable to that of patients receiving a DDLT. Nowadays, LDLT offers the possibility to extend the standard morphometric selection by considering the biological parameters. In the setting of LDLT, we are not only faced with surgical morbidity in the donor, but long-term non-medical problems like psychological complications and financial burden also have to be considered. On the other hand, the benefits to the donor are mainly social and psychological. In LDLT, the donor's altruism is the fundamental ethical principle and it is based on the principles of (1) beneficence (doing good), (2) non-maleficence (avoiding harm), (3) respect for autonomy, and (4) respect for justice (promoting fairness). On top of that, the concept of double equipoise of living organ donation evaluates the relationship between the recipient's need, the donor's risk, and the recipient's outcome. It considers each donor-recipient pair as a unit, analyzing whether the specific recipient's benefit justifies the specific donor's risk in particular oncologic indications. In this light, it is essential to seek adequate informed consent focused on risk, benefits and outcome benefits of both donor and recipient supported by an independent living donor advocate. Finally, the transplant team must protect donors from donation if harm does not justify the expected benefit to the recipient.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"135-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"HPV Vaccination in Bangladesh: Ethical Views.","authors":"Marium Salwa,&nbsp;Tarek Abdullah Al-Munim","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of young adolescent girls as a part of primary prevention of cervical cancer is now a routine practice in many countries. Bangladesh, a lower-middle income country, observed a successful HPV vaccination demonstration program recently. As much as the benefits of the vaccination programs are well-recorded, the ethics of administration of it is not focused highly; rather the focus tends to be on the most efficient method to get it done. In countries like Bangladesh, vaccination-related ethical issues are often overlooked. Thus, addition of HPV vaccination to the existing immunization programs calls for logical discussion and consideration to preserve the highest ethical standard in administering this vaccine to a sensitive age group of adolescence. This chapter summarizes some ethical concerns related to the HPV vaccination implementation in Bangladesh.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"31-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk-Adjusted Prevention. Perspectives on the Governance of Entitlements to Benefits in the Case of Genetic (Breast Cancer) Risks.","authors":"Friedhelm Meier,&nbsp;Anke Harney,&nbsp;Kerstin Rhiem,&nbsp;Silke Neusser,&nbsp;Anja Neumann,&nbsp;Matthias Braun,&nbsp;Jürgen Wasem,&nbsp;Stefan Huster,&nbsp;Peter Dabrock,&nbsp;Rita Katharina Schmutzler","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article is a revised version of our proposal for the establishment of the legal concept of risk-adjusted prevention in the German healthcare system to regulate access to risk-reduction measures for persons at high and moderate genetic cancer risk (Meier et al. Risikoadaptierte Prävention'. Governance Perspective für Leistungsansprüche bei genetischen (Brustkrebs-)Risiken, Springer, Wiesbaden, 2018). The German context specifics are summarized to enable the source text to be used for other country-specific healthcare systems. Establishing such a legal concept is relevant to all universal and free healthcare systems similar to Germany's. Disease risks can be determined with increasing precision using bioinformatics and biostatistical innovations ('big data'), due to the identification of pathogenic germ line mutations in cancer risk genes as well as non-genetic factors and their interactions. These new technologies open up opportunities to adapt therapeutic and preventive measures to the individual risk profile of complex diseases in a way that was previously unknown, enabling not only adequate treatment but in the best case, prevention. Access to risk-reduction measures for carriers of genetic risks is generally not regulated in healthcare systems that guarantee universal and equal access to healthcare benefits. In many countries, including Austria, Denmark, the UK and the US, entitlement to benefits is essentially linked to the treatment of already manifest disease. Issues around claiming benefits for prophylactic measures involve not only evaluation of clinical options (genetic diagnostics, chemoprevention, risk-reduction surgery), but the financial cost and-from a social ethics perspective-the relationship between them. Section 1 of this chapter uses the specific example of hereditary breast cancer to show why from a medical, social-legal, health-economic and socio-ethical perspective, regulated entitlement to benefits is necessary for persons at high and moderate risk of cancer. Section 2 discusses the medical needs of persons with genetic cancer risks and goes on to develop the healthy sick model which is able to integrate the problems of the different disciplines into one scheme and to establish criteria for the legal acknowledgement of persons at high and moderate (breast cancer) risks. In the German context, the social-legal categories of classical therapeutic medicine do not adequately represent preventive measures as a regular service within the healthcare system. We propose risk-adjusted prevention as a new legal concept based on the heuristic healthy sick model. This category can serve as a legal framework for social law regulation in the case of persons with genetic cancer risks. Risk-adjusted prevention can be established in principle in any healthcare system. Criteria are also developed in relation to risk collectives and allocation (Sects. 3, 4, 5).</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"47-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Right to Know and not to Know: Predictive Genetic Diagnosis and Non-diagnosis.","authors":"Gunnar Duttge","doi":"10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63749-1_6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The expansion of genetic diagnostic potential in the direction of future contingencies (risks) creates temptations and compulsions for timely knowledge and responsible-sometimes radical-prevention. In the area of mamma carcinoma, the 'Angelina Jolie effect' has not only been a media topic but has had real consequences. The undisputed right to knowledge is increasingly taking on the character of a general recommendation or even norm for society as a whole, regardless of the possibly toxic consequences of discovering a predisposition. In an \"enlightened knowledge society\" in which health and illness increasingly \"appear as products of our own actions\" (Giovanni Maio), not wanting to know is difficult; thus, it is all the more significant that this concept has found widespread recognition in current law. Its legal practical implementation, however, presents several questions that have not yet been fully clarified, for example in connection with incidental medical findings or family members affected as third parties. It is also unclear how, in the age of next-generation sequencing and the standardizing digitalization of medicine and society, it will be possible to counteract the cultural bias in favour of knowledge, even outside the law.</p>","PeriodicalId":39880,"journal":{"name":"Recent Results in Cancer Research","volume":"218 ","pages":"67-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39005908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}