{"title":"Impedance-based fault location experience","authors":"K. Zimmerman, D. Costello","doi":"10.1109/REPCON.2006.1649060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/REPCON.2006.1649060","url":null,"abstract":"We describe one- and two-ended impedance-based fault location experiences. We define terms associated with fault location and describe several impedance-based methods of fault location (simple reactance, Takagi, zero-sequence current with angle correction, and two-ended negative-sequence). We examine several system faults and analyze the performance of the fault locators given possible sources of error (short fault window, nonhomogeneous system, incorrect fault type selection, etc.). Finally, we show the laboratory testing results of a two-ended method, where we automatically extracted a two-ended fault location estimate from a single end.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121916619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Amantegui, I. Ojanguren, C. de Carlos, F. Cobelo, R. Quintanilla
{"title":"Automation of HV substations in Iberdrola: experiences and plans","authors":"J. Amantegui, I. Ojanguren, C. de Carlos, F. Cobelo, R. Quintanilla","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430433","url":null,"abstract":"The automation of substations in Iberdrola, has experienced a maturing process during the last decade. During the 1980's Iberdrola built prototype installations. Those trial projects where the basis for the development and generalized application of technically and economically feasible solutions implemented during the 1990's. The paper describes the architecture of current substations detailing the communication system selected and the protocols in use, and summarizes the utility's experience and possibilities for evolution. An overview with examples of the system functionality reviews the protection system reliability, details those functions dependent on the substation communication system, and analyzes the cost reduction opportunities identified.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130978625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A tutorial for distribution protective relay applications","authors":"P. Heavey","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430431","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is a tutorial covering relay applications in distribution networks. For relay engineers, projects involving distribution systems take up the majority of their time. In many cases, attrition has robbed them of their mentors, leaving an experience void that is difficult to fill. This paper will give them help in understanding the various methods used to protect equipment in distribution systems as well as some ideas for better practices.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129986940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Secure application of transformer differential relays for bus protection","authors":"M. Thompson, R. Folkers, A. Sinclair","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430430","url":null,"abstract":"The greatest challenge of bus differential protection is dealing with false differential current due to CT saturation. Percentage-restrained differential relays are often applied for bus differential protection applications. The percentage restraint principle provides security by requiring that the differential current exceed some percentage of the current flowing through the zone. There are few application guidelines for choosing a secure slope setting when applying this type of relay for bus protection. This paper reviews basic concepts of differential relays and current transformers and then describes a study that was performed to determine secure settings for a relay in a specific bus protection application. Results of the study and recommendations are included.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116116197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Loop selective direction measurement for distance protection","authors":"J. Holbach, S. Steynberg","doi":"10.5370/JEET.2006.1.4.423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5370/JEET.2006.1.4.423","url":null,"abstract":"Distance relays achieve selective tripping by measuring all short circuit fault conditions within a settable reach. The direction of the fault (forward or reverse) is commonly determined with a dedicated measurement to ensure selectivity under all conditions. For the directional decision (measurement) a number of alternatives are available. This paper describes a loop selective direction measurement and illustrates by means of a typical fault why this is superior to a nonloop directional measurement such as those based on negative sequence quantities.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121806172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Venkataraman, B. Godsey, W. Premerlani, E. Shulman, Thaku M, R. Midence
{"title":"Fundamentals of a motor thermal model and its applications in motor protection","authors":"B. Venkataraman, B. Godsey, W. Premerlani, E. Shulman, Thaku M, R. Midence","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430428","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the fundamentals of a motor thermal model and its mathematical interpretation and physics for the different stages of motor operation, (overload, locked rotor, too frequent or prolonged acceleration, duty cycling applications). It explains thermal model time constants and other technical aspects causing the biasing of the thermal model algorithm. Other topics covered in this paper show that a detailed motor data sheet's information, and coordination between the protection engineer and the motor supplier leads to proper selection of motor thermal protection parameters. This paper presents a closer look on motor stall, acceleration and running thermal limit curves, explains the concept of thermal capacity and elaborates on how thermal capacity is evaluated in motor protection devices. This paper also talks about some additional methods, such as voltage dependant and slip dependant motor overload curves, which are employed to evaluate thermal capacity in nonstandard motor applications. This paper presents the concept of matching thermal time constants for motor cyclic loads cases. Besides this, the response of a thermal model algorithm in practical applications is demonstrated. The paper also describes the real case example showing how to apply and fine tune the thermal model in high-inertia load application. In this context, the paper also explores some of the key topics that will ensure safe operation of the motor while allowing satisfactory motor design characteristics.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125412417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of peer-to-peer communication, for protection and control, at Seward distribution substation","authors":"Dan Reckerd, Jakov Vico Cinergy, GE Multilin","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430420","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses application of high-speed peer-to-peer communication over local area network (LAN) as a tool that helps Cinergy to achieve reduction in installation, commissioning, upgrade, maintenance and operation costs. Exchange of UCA Generic object oriented substation event (GOOSE) messages between relays connected to the LAN is successfully used for the breaker failure, accelerated protection of the distribution bus, transformer protection lockout feature, GOOSE testing, substation interlocking and blocking. Also, this system of exchange of the messages over LAN provides significant advantage for the future expansion of the distribution substation, as well as easy integration into automatic throw over scheme. The three relays types are used for the advanced feeder protection, transformer protection, and control of the high voltage (HV) switches. All relays have pushbuttons on the front (faceplate) for easy control and testing of substation equipment. Relay's pushbuttons, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and nonvolatile latches also reduced cost for hardware, wiring, design, testing and commissioning. This application meets Cinergy Distribution Standard in a very cost effective way, with great benefits of integration, as there is no need for additional hardware (protocol converters) or additional software. It provides an efficient way of local/remote metering, control, monitoring, recording, communication and protection functions.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130238434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simplifying the configuration of multifunctional protection relays","authors":"A. Apostolov, D. Tholomier, S. Richards","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430442","url":null,"abstract":"The paper analyzes the functionality of state-of-the-art protection relays and presents solutions that simplify their configuration. Visibility control and graphical user interface are some of the tools that can help reduce engineering time and probability for costly errors. Some features that automatically calculate relay settings are also described in the paper. IEC 61850 related configuration settings are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127021301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation and replacement of bus partial differential zones in a ring bus application at centerpoint energy","authors":"D. Sevcik, H.J. Do Carmo","doi":"10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CPRE.2005.1430441","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is based on the actual occurrence of the loss of service to all load at a CenterPoint Energy substation that serves three metropolitan underground 12.47 kV distribution networks. Subsequent investigation determined that the loss of service was caused by the maloperation of multiple, 69 kV bus electromechanical instantaneous overcurrent partial differential relay zones of protection for a fault in the 69 kV ring bus. Modeling and simulation substantiated that the maloperation occurred due to current transformer saturation in the presence of high DC offset current during a second unsuccessful automatic reclose attempt after all protection had operated properly for the initial fault and for the first unsuccessful automatic reclose attempt This event occurred in June of 2004 and a temporary fix was implemented shortly there after. Transient testing of the selected replacement protection system was conducted. The permanent solution is scheduled to be complete in early 2005.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126043401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Use of directional elements at the utility-industrial interface","authors":"D. Costello, Marti Moon, Greg Bow","doi":"10.1109/PSAMP.2006.285400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PSAMP.2006.285400","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews applicable standards and references, and describes the reasons for installing various protective elements at the utility-industrial interface. The paper also reviews the operating characteristics of reverse power, load encroachment, and directionally supervised phase overcurrent elements. Real-world event reports will be used to demonstrate problematic applications and common settings mistakes. Lastly, the paper will recommend proper application principles and settings.","PeriodicalId":395312,"journal":{"name":"58th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 2005.","volume":"214 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117354561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}