The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0001
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Tripartition and the Spirited “Part” of the Soul","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 defends the seriousness of Plato’s commitment to the tripartite theory of the soul that he presents in the Republic, Phaedrus, and Timaeus. This defense constitutes a response to skeptical commentators who suggest his investment in tripartite psychology, and especially in a spirited part of that psychology, is unserious, tentative, or temporary. It also surveys the language Plato uses to describe the different “parts” of the soul, and it sketches an interpretation of tripartition according to which each of the three parts is a distinct source of the psychic motions and motivations that cause and explain human action. The spirited part of the soul, on this interpretation, is one such source of motivation.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122543723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0010
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Politics, Education, and Spirit in the Laws","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 10 argues that although Plato does not explicitly present tripartition in the Laws, the theory continues to inform his social and political philosophy. His thinking about spirit is evident through the Athenian Visitor’s response to what he perceives as undue Cretan and Spartan emphasis on cultivating courage, competitiveness, and martial virtue at the expense of moderation, cooperation, and friendship. Much of the text is designed to stress the importance of the latter set of civic qualities, and Plato’s exploration of ways to develop them reflects the influence of his two-sided theory of thumos. The dialogue’s extensive treatment of moral education, moreover, shows that Plato continues to view spirited motivation, and even a distinct spirited part of the soul, as a primary target of both musical and gymnastic education, as well as of education provided by the laws themselves.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124355063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0007
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Oikeion and Allotrion in the City and Soul","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 7 examines the psychology of the virtue that moral education is designed to produce, as well as the psychology of civic unity that Socrates’ social, political, and economic policies for the Kallipolis are designed to foster. The main thesis is that at both the intrapsychic and the interpersonal levels, Plato’s proposals are designed to exploit the two primitive faces of spirited motivation: its aggression toward the allotrion, and its fondness, protectiveness, and friendship toward the oikeion. His educational program produces psychic harmony in large part by making correct reason “familiar” to spirit and vicious appetites “foreign” to it, and his policies on family and private property promote political harmony by instilling emotional bonds of familiarity and friendship among citizens.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133508583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0009
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Spirited Psychology and Civic Temperament in the Statesman","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 9 argues that the Statesman characterizes the task of the politician as one that prominently requires attention to distinctively spirited aspects of the human soul. According to the dialogue’s final section, the primary problem of politics is that of producing harmony between, or “weaving” together, two main types of citizens that naturally tend toward conflict with one another: the “courageous” and the “moderate.” This chapter argues that the Statesman’s treatment of civic unity is largely a discussion of spirited political psychology: the “courageous” citizens incline toward behavior associated with the aggressive side of thumos, while the “moderate” tend toward behavior associated with its gentle side. Moreover, this treatment is set up earlier in the dialogue through the Myth of Cronus, which is designed to expose the inadequacy of conceptions of politics that ignore the social desires and emotions of human beings that are most relevant to politics.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127896176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0008
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"The Spirited Part of the Soul in the Timaeus","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 8 examines Plato’s account of intrapsychic “communication” in the Timaeus and defends an imagistic account according to which the various activities of the spirited part of the soul—the motivations it generates, its training through musical and gymnastic education, its responsiveness to rational judgment, and its resistance to offensive appetites—can all be explained at the cognitive level by appealing only to the resources of sense-perception, memory, and imagination. On this view, it is not necessary to attribute to spirit the capacity either to understand the “logistic” (i.e. linguistic or propositional) content of rational judgments themselves, or to issue judgments with such content of its own. This chapter also examines how Plato adapts the Homeric and poetic association of thumos with the heart and circulatory system (as well as with the lungs and respiratory system) to provide a biological foundation for the dialogue’s theory of spirited cognition.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"37 43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125708391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0006
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Musical and Gymnastic Education in the Republic","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 6 examines Plato’s account of moral education in the Republic. It argues that musical and gymnastic training in the Kallipolis primarily aim at shaping the spirited part of the soul through social, political, and cultural influences and practices. In particular, music aims to make spirit gentle and instill in it the right emotional habits toward moral and immoral people, actions, and objects in the world. Gymnastics, meanwhile, aims to invigorate it and make it “strong” enough to act as reason’s “ally” effectively. Music and gymnastics also have important effects on reason and appetite as well, however. Music exercises reason and prepares it for its proper function in the souls of mature adults, and gymnastic training promotes necessary appetites while eliminating or preventing unnecessary ones.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130772121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0004
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Political Psychology in the Great Speech of the Protagoras","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 4 argues that in the Great Speech of the Protagoras, Plato characterizes spirited motivation as the sine qua non of human social and political life. Protagoras provides a mythic comparison of the conditions of pre-political vs. political human life and claims that human beings were incapable of living together in cities until the gods granted them “the art of politics.” The chapter argues that this “art” consists in capacities for (what Plato will eventually identify as) distinctively spirited forms of motivation. Both the aggressive and the gentle sides of thumos are the necessary psychological conditions of human civilization, without which moral education and political life are impossible.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116891282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0005
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Spirited Motivation and the Novelty of Reason","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 5 examines “early” works that anticipate the Republic’s account of the role of spirited motivations in social and political life and the related challenges of promoting proper moral education and civic unity. It surveys Plato’s early depictions of traditional moral education and popular values, as well as his early treatment of political unity, civic strife, and the ethics of helping friends and harming enemies. The chapter also argues against the common view that the spirited part of the soul represented the main innovation of Plato’s tripartite theory. Rather, it suggests, the reasoning part was his contribution to received folk psychology and ethics, and that is why “early” dialogues focus so heavily on intellectual and rational aspects of human psychology.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114352733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0002
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"Spirited Motivation and the Two Faces of Thumos","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 2 provides a survey of the motivations that Plato considers “spirited” by the lights of tripartite theory. It defends a novel interpretation according to which spirit has a two-sided nature, the most primitive expressions of which appear in Socrates’ analogy between guardians and noble dogs at Republic 375a–376c: aggression toward what is “unfamiliar” or “foreign” (allotrion) on the one hand, and gentleness toward what is “familiar” or “one’s own” (oikeion) on the other. On this view, spirit is the source not only of aggressive and competitive motivations like anger and the desire for honor, for which it is already well-known, but also of friendship and affection for others.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115210502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Political SoulPub Date : 2021-11-11DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0003
Joshua Wilburn
{"title":"The Social and Political Nature of Spirit","authors":"Joshua Wilburn","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861867.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 3 explores two aspects of spirit’s social and political nature—its role in the process of absorbing social influences that shape a person’s values, and its responsibility for a person’s emotional reactions to those they consider either part of, or outside of, their social groups or communities—as well as two related problems that arise in corrupt political circumstances. According to Plato’s critique of contemporary Greek society, popular education and politics fail because they reflect a value system informed primarily by human appetite and pleonexia that prioritizes bodily, external, and material goods. When citizens absorb these values through thumos, their resulting moral corruption leads to civic discord as their aggressive spirited desires become directed against one another in their competition for limited appetitive goods. This establishes two challenges for Plato that involve attention to human spirit: making people virtuous through social education and making cities unified and stable.","PeriodicalId":394583,"journal":{"name":"The Political Soul","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121611378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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