History in Africa最新文献

{"title":"Re-Mapping, Re-Spacing and Re-Connecting Africa – Editors’ Introduction","authors":"D. van den Bersselaar, M. Doortmont, J. Hanson, Jan Jansen","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.14","url":null,"abstract":"A recurrent theme in the contributions to this volume of History in Africa is a concern with re-mapping places, spaces, and connections in African history. Of course, historians of Africa are only too aware of how complex even the history of the term “Africa” itself is: it is a term introduced by outsiders around the first century AD, that has referred to various sections of the continent, and that only became the term to denote the entire continent hundreds of years after its first documented use for an area covering parts of the southern Mediterranean coast between current Morocco and Libya. Similarly, the names of places and spaces mentioned in the historical sources we use were often not fixed, unspecific and at times downright wrong. This reflects the inaccuracies and confusions of older sources such as travel narratives produced by (mostly European) outsiders (and the fact that we tend to read these sources with a different aim than they were originally produced for). Added to this was the, at times, uncritical use of such sources by scholars in previous generations, whose texts however continue to influence assumptions and perceptions of historians today. Local African (oral) sources have not been easier to work with, as many similarly use more than one name for the same place (and refer to several places with the same name), which is not problematic, except for historians who want to determine what happened at a particular moment at a specific place (or what was the place of origin of a particular individual whose biography they are reconstructing).","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.14","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45373790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Style Guide for History in Africa","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"413 - 419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.17","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47611043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Échos d’Arabie. Le Pèlerinage à La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724–725/1324–1325) d’après des Nouvelles Sources","authors":"H. Collet","doi":"10.1017/HIA.2019.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/HIA.2019.12","url":null,"abstract":"Résumé: Le pèlerinage de Mansa Musa, plus grand sultan du Mali, en 724/1324, est l’un des événements les plus célèbres du Moyen Âge africain. Le souverain est lui-même devenu, ces dernières années, une figure de l’histoire mondiale. Pourtant, des pans entiers de cet événement restent inconnus, notamment son voyage et séjour dans la péninsule Arabique. Cette étude se focalise sur son voyage depuis Le Caire vers La Mecque, à l’aller comme au retour, et à son séjour dans la ville sainte à l’occasion de son pèlerinage. Au travers de la présentation et de la discussion de nouvelles sources, j’apporte des éclairages nouveaux sur cet épisode fameux, dont la trame reste paradoxalement encore nébuleuse par endroits. Abstract: The pilgrimage of Mansa Musa, the greatest sultan of Mali, in 724/1324, is one of the most famous events of medieval Africa. The ruler has even become in the past few years a figure of World History. Yet, much is still unknown about some parts of this event, such as his journey and stay in the Arabic peninsula. This study focuses on his travels from Cairo to Mecca, back and forth, and his stay in the holy city during the pilgrimage. Through the presentation and discussion of new textual evidence, this article sheds new light on this well-known event, which is paradoxically still shrouded in mystery.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"105 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/HIA.2019.12","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45267676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Northern Zanj, Demadim, Yamyam, Yam/Yamjam, Habasha/Ahabish, Zanj-Ahabish, and Zanj ed-Damadam – The Horn of Africa between the Ninth and Fifteenth Centuries","authors":"Daniel Ayana","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.10","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article argues that historians will have a new understanding of northeast and east Africa if they recall the medieval meaning of the terms Zanj and Ahabish, or Habasha. Before the fifteenth century the term Zanj included the diverse populations of northeast Africa, so should not be exclusive of the populations of coastal east Africa. Likewise, Habasha or Ahabish was not confined to the peoples of the northern Horn but included the diverse peoples of coastal east Africa. Uncovering older meanings of Zanj and Ahabish helps to identify elusive groups of ancient northeast Africans referred to as northern Zanj, Zanj-Ahabish, Ahabish, and Damadim. For identification, this article presents three types of historical data overlooked in the sources. The first consists of the interchangeable names northern Zanj, Damadim, Ahabish, Zanj-Ahabish, and Zanj ed-Damadim to recast the term Zanj and identify the Damadim or Yamyam. The second is the broadly inclusive meaning before the fifteenth century of the term Habasha. The third is the reported eloquence in their Buttaa ceremony of the northern Zanj, and the institutional setting of the Buttaa within the Oromo Gadaa system. Résumé: Cet article affirme que les historiens auront une nouvelle compréhension du Nord-Est et de l’Est de l’Afrique s’ils analysent la signification médiévale des termes Zanj et Ahabish, ou Habasha. Avant le XVe siècle, le terme Zanj faisait référence aux différentes populations du Nord-Est de l’Afrique. Il ne faudrait donc pas exclure les populations du littoral de l’Afrique de l’Est. De même, Habasha ou Ahabish ne se limitait pas aux peuplesdu Nord de la Corne de l’Afrique, mais comprenait les différents peuples de la côte est de l’Afrique. La découverte d’anciennes significations de Zanj et d’Ahabish aide à identifier des groupes insaisissables d’anciens Africains du Nord-Est appelés Zanj du Nord, Zanj-Ahabish, Ahabish et Damadim. Afin de les identifier, cet article présente trois types de données historiques négligées dans les sources. Premièrement, les noms interchangeables de Zanj du Nord, Damadim, Ahabish, Zanj-Ahabish et Zanj ed-Damadim qui servent à repenser le terme Zanj et à identifier les Damadim ou Yamyam. Deuxièmement, la signification largement ouverte avant le XVe siècle du terme Habasha. Troisièmement, l’éloquence rapportée des Zanj du Nord dans leur cérémonie du Buttaa et le cadre institutionnel du Buttaa dans le système Oromo Gadaa.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"57 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.10","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44444796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crossing Multiple Borders: “The Manyema” in Colonial East Central Africa","authors":"K. Zöller","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: “The Manyema” are people who have roots in what is today known as eastern Congo and who moved towards the East African coast – and often back – since the time when their area of origin was under African-Arab domination. In separated East and Central African historiographies, the Manyema received only marginal attention so far. Tracing this highly mobile group across East and Central Africa discloses how Manyema actors, in relation to colonial and postcolonial contexts, have negotiated their mobility and identity across East and Central Africa as a single space. Résumé: “Les Manyema” sont un peuple qui tire ses racines dans ce que l’on appelle aujourd’hui l’Est du Congo et dont les membres ont fait des aller-retours entre la côte est-africaine et leur région d’origine depuis le début de la domination afro-arabe de leur région. Dans les historiographies séparées d’Afrique centrale et d’Afrique de l’Est, les Manyema n’ont jusqu’à présent reçu qu’une attention marginale de la part des chercheurs. Suivre ce groupe très mobile en Afrique centrale et en Afrique de l’Est depuis le début de la période coloniale révèle la manière dont les acteurs Manyema ont négocié leur mobilité et leur identité à travers l’Afrique centrale et l’Afrique de l’Est dans un espace unique.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"299 - 326"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49367981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Archive and Chieftainship Claims in Zimbabwe: Some Methodological Reflections","authors":"George Bishi","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.13","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article focuses on the uses of the archive in contemporary Zimbabwe by individuals and families making claims to chieftaincy. A reading of the colonial archive on chieftainship histories reveals that there is an information gap especially for some years. For instance, from the 1960s to the present, there are relatively few documents specifically relating to the subject of chiefs and headmen in Zimbabwe. As a result, researchers working on chieftainships, hired historians, and claimants to chieftaincy face a frustrating challenge of limited sources. This article analyzes the sources that hired historians use to write chieftaincy claims reports in Zimbabwe for their clients. It also explores the use of oral evidence to complement or counter the narratives offered through colonial documents, and it also recommends the use of alternative sources on chieftaincy, both within and beyond the repositories of the National Archives of Zimbabwe (NAZ). Résumé: Cet article porte sur l’utilisation des archives du Zimbabwe contemporain par des individus et des familles faisant valoir leurs droits à un titre de chef. Une lecture des archives coloniales sur l’histoire des chefferies révèle qu’il existe un manque de documentation, en particulier sur des années spécifiques. Par exemple, depuis les années 1960, il existe relativement peu de documents spécifiquement consacrés à la question des chefs de différentes catégories au Zimbabwe. En conséquence, les chercheurs (professionels ou engagés pour l’occasion) ou ceux qui prétendent à un titre de chef font face à un défi frustrant lié à celui de la limitation des sources. Cet article analyse les sources utilisées par les historiens recrutés par les prétendants au titre de chef pour rédiger des rapports de réclamations. Il explore également l’utilisation de preuves orales pour complémenter ou contrer les récits proposés dans les documents coloniaux. Enfin, l’article traite des sources alternatives localisées dans les Archives Nationales du Zimbabwe ou en dehors.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"385 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.13","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46933086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charting the Unknown: Islamic Cartography and Visions of Africa in the ‘Abbasid Era","authors":"Ryan Shea, D. Bell","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article explores cartographic methods during the ninth and tenth century of the ‘Abbasid Caliphate, with a focus on the deformation of Sub-Saharan Africa in world maps produced during the early era. It reviews the preceding influences that factored into how ‘Abbasid cartographers understood and mapped out unknown regions alongside pieces of the folkloric fear that accompanied the idea of al-Wāq-Wāq, that is the uncharted and unknown areas of inland Africa south of the Sahara. By reviewing the methods and techniques of map making alongside information that circulated about al-Wāq-Wāq, this article offers a contribution to knowledge about cartographic practices during the ‘Abbassid era and reviews the work of prominent geographers alongside the deformations in their maps and social assumptions they carried about what and who rested within the interiors of Africa. Résumé: Cet article explore les méthodes cartographiques du califat abbasside aux IXe et Xe siècles, en mettant l’accent sur la déformation de l’Afrique subsaharienne dans les cartes du monde produites au début de cette période. Il passe en revue leurs influences antérieures expliquant comment les cartographes abbassides ont compris et cartographié des régions inconnues et comment cette cartographie reflétait une peur folklorique qui accompagnait l’idée d’al-Wāq-Wāq, c’est-à-dire les régions inconnues et non cartographiées de l’Afrique continentale au sud du Sahara. En examinant les méthodes et les techniques de cartographie parallèlement aux informations circulant sur al-Wāq-Wāq, cet article apporte une contribution à la connaissance des pratiques cartographiques de l’ère abbasside et analyse le travail de géographes renommés ainsi que les déformations de leurs cartes et les présupposés qu’elles contenaient sur les habitants et ce qui pouvait se trouver à l’intérieur de l’Afrique.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"37 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46998862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Redefining African Regions for Linking Open-Source Data","authors":"H. Lovejoy, P. Lovejoy, W. Hawthorne, E. A. Alpers, Mariana Candido, M. Hopper","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In recent years, an increasing number of online archival databases of primary sources related to the history of the African diaspora and slavery have become freely and readily accessible for scholarly and public consumption. This proliferation of digital projects and databases presents a number of challenges related to aggregating data geographically according to the movement of people in and out of Africa across time and space. As a requirement to linking data of open-source digital projects, it has become necessary to delimit the entire continent of precolonial Africa during the era of the slave trade into broad regions and sub-regions that can allow the grouping of data effectively and meaningfully. Résumé: Au cours de ces dernières années, un nombre croissant de bases de données d’archives en ligne contenant des sources liées à l’histoire de la diaspora africaine et de l’esclavage est devenu librement et facilement accessible pour les universitaires et le grand public. Cette prolifération de projets et de bases de données numériques pose un certain nombre de problèmes liés à l’agrégation géographique de données traitant de la circulation des personnes en Afrique et en dehors du continent à travers le temps et l’espace. Pour relier les données de ces projets numériques au code source ouvert, il est devenu nécessaire de diviser tout le continent africain à l’époque de la traite des esclaves en de vastes régions et sous-régions permettant le regroupement des données de manière efficace et significative.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"5 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41857881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ends of the Indian Ocean: Tracing Coastlines in the Tanzanian “Hinterland”","authors":"J. Verne","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.11","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In recent years, several attempts to revitalize Area Studies have concentrated on oceans as the unifying force to create regions. In this respect, the Indian Ocean has become a prime example to show how economic as well as cultural flows across the sea have contributed to close connections between its shores. However, by doing so, they not only seem to create a certain, rather homogeneous, Indian Ocean space, they often also lead to a conceptual separation between “coast” and “hinterland,” similar to earlier distinctions between “African/Arab” or “East/Central Africa.” In this contribution, so-called “Arab” traders who settled along trade routes connecting the East African coast to its hinterland will serve as an empirical ground to explore and challenge these boundaries. Tracing maritime imaginaries and related materialities in the Tanzanian interior, it will reflect on the ends of the Indian Ocean and the nature of such maritime conceptualizations of space more generally. By taking the relational thinking that lies at the ground of maritimity inland, it wishes to encourage a re-conceptualization of areas that not only replaces a terrestrial spatial entity with a maritime one, but that genuinely breaks with such “container-thinking” and, instead, foregrounds the meandering, fluid character of regions and their complex and highly dynamic entanglements. Résumé: Au cours de ces dernières années, plusieurs tentatives de revitalisation des études régionales ont été consacrées aux océans qui sont ainsi devenus une force unificatrice pour la création de régions. À cet égard, l’océan Indien est devenu un excellent exemple pour montrer à quel point les flux économiques et culturels le traversant ont contribué à l’établissement de liens étroits entre ses côtes. Cependant, ces études ont non seulement semblé créer un espace assez homogène mais elles ont également souvent conduit à une séparation conceptuelle entre “côte” et “arrière-pays,” répétant ainsi des distinctions antérieures entre “Africains/Arabes” ou “Afrique centrale/Afrique de l’Est,” Dans cette contribution, les commerçants dits “arabes” établis le long des routes commerciales reliant la côte est-africaine à son arrière-pays servent de base empirique pour explorer et contester ces distinctions. En étudiant les imaginaires maritimes et leurs matérialités connexes dans l’intérieur de la Tanzanie, cet article se penche sur les extrémités de l’océan Indien et sur la nature d’une telle conceptualisation maritime de l’espace. En prenant la pensée relationnelle qui est à la base de la maritimité intérieure, il souhaite encourager une re-conceptualisation des zones qui non seulement remplacent une entité spatiale terrestre par une entité maritime, mais qui rompent véritablement aussi avec une pensée caractérisée par un cadre géographique rigide. Au lieu de cela, cet article met en évidence le caractère sinueux et fluide des régions et leurs enchevêtrements complexes et hautement dynamiques.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"359 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49623910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Museum as Rift Zone – The Construction and Representation of “East” and “Central” Africa in the (Belgian) Congo Museum/Royal Museum for Central Africa","authors":"M. Couttenier","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article discusses how the (post)colonial museum in Tervuren helped to create an artificial separation between “East” and “Central” Africa on both sides of Lake Tanganyika, while in reality this was and still is a zone of encounter. The exclusion of the “Arab” was twofold. First, East African objects were not exhibited. Second, “Eastern” material culture that was collected in Central Africa, became represented as imported traces of “barbary,” only highlighting the “civilizing mission” of European colonization. Résumé: Cet article se penche sur la façon dont le musée (post)colonial de Tervuren a contribué à créer une séparation artificielle entre l’Afrique de l’Est et l’Afrique Centrale des deux côtés du lac Tanganyika, alors qu’il s’agissait en réalité d’une zone de rencontre. L’exclusion de “l’Arabe” était double. Premièrement, les objets d’Afrique de l’Est n’ont pas été exposés. Deuxièmement, la culture matérielle “orientale” qui a été collectée en Afrique Centrale a fini par être représentée comme une trace importée de la “barbarie” ce qui a eu pour résultat de souligner uniquement la “mission civilisatrice” de la colonisation européenne.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"46 1","pages":"327 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}