Morphologie最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge, attitude, and perception of ‘Cadaver as our First Teacher’ among the Phase 1 students in their competency-based medical education","authors":"R. Vadgaonkar ,&nbsp;S.D. Ullal ,&nbsp;B.V. Murlimanju","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100972","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100972","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Throughout the world, there has been much emphasis on humanizing the cadaver with due respect as they are considered the first teachers for a medical student and, of late, have gained momentum. In this context, this research aimed to study the knowledge, attitude and perception of the cadaver among the Phase 1 medical students of our institution.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This was a cross-sectional institution-based study of 416 medical students of Phase 1, which included 21 validated questions about the ‘attitude, ethics and communication’ module 1.5 of the competency-based medical education curriculum.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this study, 235 (56.5%) of our students strongly agreed that the dissection hall is the only place where the dead teach the living. A total of four hundred and five students (97.4%) approved of “cadaver as their first teacher’ and 411 (98.8%) of them agreed that the cadaveric oath would inculcate responsibility, respect, and empathy in young medical undergraduates. In this study, 177 (70.8%) students expressed desire to perform cadaveric dissection on a routine basis, and the remaining 64 (25.6%) opined to perform it occasionally. Four hundred and ten (98.6%) students were aware of photographic prohibition without the permission of authoritative personnel inside the dissection hall or of specimens displayed there, and 405 (97.4%) also expressed that it is unethical to share those pictures on social media. Four hundred and thirteen (99.3%) of students were aware of the disposal protocol of the cadaveric tissues.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study observed that the Phase 1 medical students were aware of the guidelines of attitude, ethics, communication, and hygiene protocols to be followed while dissection. They acknowledged that cadavers were their first teacher, who would assist them in both teaching and research. It is believed that this study is enlightening to the students and professors at the medical schools concerning the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal-4 in offering quality education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100972"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144071359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radio-morphologic assessment of dental formation leading to permanent teeth and third molar age estimation models","authors":"R. Pinto ,&nbsp;R. Cordeiro ,&nbsp;Z. Galego ,&nbsp;A. Turkina ,&nbsp;R. Boedi ,&nbsp;A. Franco","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding dental development within populations is essential for clinical and forensic applications, particularly for age estimation in children and adolescents. This study aimed: I) to evaluate the chronology of dental development, eruption, and exfoliation by means of radiographic analysis and II) to propose dental age estimation models based on the development of permanent teeth and third molars. The sample consisted of panoramic radiographs of individuals between 6 and 22.9<!--> <!-->years. Radiographs were analyzed for deciduous and permanent teeth, including third molars, using established staging systems for development, eruption, and exfoliation. Dental age estimation models were developed for permanent teeth and third molars, separately, using staging techniques. The models demonstrated high accuracy, with coefficients of determination (r²) of 0.94 for maxillary teeth, 0.95 for mandibular teeth, and 0.93 for third molars. The mean absolute errors (MAE) were approximately 0.6<!--> <!-->years for permanent teeth and 0.93<!--> <!-->years for third molars. This study contributes to the field of dental age estimation providing frameworks for evaluating subadults in contexts requiring legal or anthropological assessments. Future research should aim to test and validate these models in independent populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100966"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143948319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A case of bilateral thinning of the cranial bones in an elderly individual","authors":"D. Botha ,&nbsp;T. Lottering ,&nbsp;D.M. Brits ,&nbsp;E. Hutchinson","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100967","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100967","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Bilateral thinning of the parietal bone is a condition that has been known since the 18th century, with several names being given since its discovery. The aetiology is unknown but there are numerous theories. Although this condition is rarely encountered, its clinical significance may be relevant to traumatic cases.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aims to present a case of bilateral thinning observed in the cranium of an 87-year elderly female, which was assessed macroscopically and radiologically to visualize the exact parameters of the thinned areas to discuss a plausible cause and aetiology of the condition.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>During maceration for teaching purposes, the cranium was removed and assessed macroscopically. A micro-CT was then taken to determine the exact size and cranial thickness of the lesions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A differential diagnosis was established which included an unknown aetiology or Gorham-Stout disease. In addition, it was noted that metabolic factors, such as malnutrition and metabolic acidosis, should be considered as factors for increasing its severity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Case studies on the presence of bilateral thinning of the parietal bones has been reported in various countries, while no case studies could be found reporting the presence of bilateral thinning on both the parietal and occipital bones. The combination of thinning reported in this study may suggest increased severity of a more advanced state of the condition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100967"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examination of the relationship between cadaveric dissection and anxiety experienced by anatomy students: A scoping review","authors":"V. Chytas ,&nbsp;M. Piagkou ,&nbsp;G. Paraskevas ,&nbsp;M. Salmas ,&nbsp;C. Lyrtzis ,&nbsp;D. Chytas","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Anatomical literature indicates that cadaveric dissection induces stress among anatomy students. We conducted a scoping review to explore the extent to which dissection correlates with the anxiety experienced by students in the context of anatomical education.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched PubMed, Scopus, ERIC, and the Cochrane library for articles that explored students’ anxiety levels related to dissection for learning anatomy, using specific psychological assessment tools. From each included study, we extracted the following information: author(s), number of participants, duration and number of dissection courses, levels of anxiety (or stress) related to cadaveric dissection, assessment tools, possible interventions to reduce anxiety, and outcomes of these interventions.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eight articles were included. Four of them explored only dissection as a factor that affects anxiety, while the remaining four studies explored interventions implemented simultaneously with dissection. Most studies showed that dissection led to a notable reduction in the anxiety initially felt by students. This reduction seemed to be related to interventions such as listening to music or binaural beats simultaneously with dissecting. There is a lack of studies with methodology able to demonstrate that dissection itself increases anxiety.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Cadaveric dissection generally seems to alleviate anatomy students’ initial anxiety. This alleviation may be facilitated by factors such as listening to music or binaural beats. Further research will clarify specific factors that significantly reduce students’ initial stress before dissection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100971"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative histologic assessment of fetal cadaveric tissue preserved using the modified saturated salt solution","authors":"J. Abraham ,&nbsp;A. D'Souza ,&nbsp;A.K. Bhat ,&nbsp;S.G. Kalthur ,&nbsp;A.K. Pandey ,&nbsp;L.S. Andrade ,&nbsp;M. Pillay ,&nbsp;V.H. Ankolekar ,&nbsp;S. Prabhath ,&nbsp;R. Punja","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100970","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The modified saturated salt solution is currently used for embalming to improve the limitations of the existing saturated salt solution. However, the histological characteristics of cadaveric tissue embalmed with the modified saturated salt solution are unknown. Hence, the study examined the histological characteristics of cadaveric tissue embalmed with modified saturated salt solution, formaldehyde, and saturated salt solution.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A year-long experiment involved four groups of fetuses, each containing four, older than 28 weeks of gestational age. The first group was embalmed with 18–20% formaldehyde followed by immersion, the second group was embalmed with the modified saturated salt solution followed by immersion, the third group was embalmed with modified saturated salt solution and placed in a refrigerated chamber, and the fourth group was embalmed with saturated salt solution and immersed in the same solution. Fixation and staining were performed, and microscopy was followed. Experts compared the histological appearances of five tissues across four embalming groups using a checklist, and data was analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's categorical tests.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Modified saturated salt solution showed comparable results with formaldehyde and saturated salt solution, but modified saturated salt solution immersion showed higher quality results than modified saturated salt solution cold storage for most histology criteria. Furthermore, lung tissue is the most affected by the different fixatives for all criteria.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Modifying saturated salt solution has improved its ability to preserve fetal tissues, with the immersion technique proving promising for maintaining histological qualities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100970"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143911670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vertical integration of anatomy teaching in the clinical phase of undergraduate medical education: An overview","authors":"D. Chytas ,&nbsp;G. Noussios ,&nbsp;G. Paraskevas ,&nbsp;A.V. Vasiliadis ,&nbsp;M. Salmas ,&nbsp;C. Lyrtzis ,&nbsp;T. Troupis","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Vertical integration in medical education, which means integration of basic sciences teaching in clinical practice, has gained increased scientific interest in modern curricula. We aimed to conduct a review of the literature concerning the outcomes of vertical integration of anatomy teaching in the clinical phase of undergraduate medical education.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched in the databases PubMed, Scopus, ERIC and Cochrane library for articles with the purpose of investigating the outcomes of vertical integration of anatomy teaching in the clinical phase of undergraduate medical education. From each included article we extracted the following data: authors, number of participants, methods of vertical integration of anatomy teaching, outcomes of the educational intervention and their level according to Kirkpatrick hierarchy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nine studies were included in the review. Of them, six explored students’ examinations performance, while three studies investigated only participants’ perceptions. The most common strategy of implementation of this integration is the use of a blended anatomy learning approach, mainly involving cadaveric dissection. Overall, the vertical integration of anatomical courses in medical students’ clinical teaching has been accompanied by strongly positive perceptions, while both their anatomical and clinical knowledge was significantly improved.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Vertical integration of anatomy teaching in the medical students’ clinical phase seems to be a highly acceptable and effective educational strategy. Anatomy teachers should be encouraged to deliver courses in conjunction with medical students’ clinical clerkships.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100969"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical differences of the cervical esophagus in brachycephalic dogs","authors":"T.I. Santos ,&nbsp;D.M.L. Guerra ,&nbsp;G.V.C. Santos ,&nbsp;D.P. Doiche ,&nbsp;F.S. Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100968","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated anatomical variations of the cervical esophagus in brachycephalic dogs (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->16 Shih Tzus/French Bulldogs) compared to mesocephalic controls (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->16 mixed-breed) through cadaveric dissection. Results revealed that 93.75% of brachycephalic dogs exhibited ventral esophageal sacculation, with 100% prevalence in French Bulldogs versus 92.3% in Shih Tzus. The esophagus showed abnormal ventral/lateral positioning at the thoracic inlet, overlapping the trachea (93.75% of cases) and obscuring its left lateral view, contrasting with mesocephalic anatomy. These alterations correlate with literature reports of esophageal dysfunction in brachycephalic breeds, including reflux (67.39% prevalence in CT studies) and hiatal herniation. The findings suggest that extreme craniofacial conformation exacerbates anatomical deviations, potentially contributing to clinical complications like dysphagia and aspiration. Surgical implications include modified approaches for airway procedures due to altered vascular relationships (left common carotid artery proximity) and esophageal fragility. Limitations include sample bias toward Shih Tzus (81.25%). This study highlights the need for breed-specific anatomical assessments in clinical/surgical management of brachycephalic dogs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100968"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The origin of middle ear ossicles: A narrative and illustrated historical review","authors":"S. Louryan","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100965","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100965","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of the middle ear ossicles, (malleus, incus, and stapes,) has long been linked to the two first visceral (or branchial) arches. Meckel's cartilage, identified by Johann-Friedrich Meckel, is recognized as the first branchial arch cartilage, contributing to the formation of the malleus and incus. In contrast, Reichert's cartilage, associated with the second arch, is tied to the stapes. Despite these historical contributions, there remains significant debate among scientists regarding the exact roles each visceral arch plays in ossicular development, with various theories proposing different origins for these structures. Recent research has highlighted the complexity of this embryonic development, suggesting that the ossicles may arise from a mixture of neural crest cells associated with both branchial arches. Investigations into gene expression, particularly the <em>Hoxa2</em> gene, have shown that the contributions from the first and second arches to the malleus and incus are more intertwined than previously understood. Some evidence suggests that the malleus and perhaps the incus may incorporate cells from the second arch, while the stapes may also have contributions from both second arch and the otic capsule, thus complicating the classical theories of ossicle development. In conclusion, while the classical understanding of ossicles origins has been rooted in the historical classifications of Meckel's and Reichert's cartilages, modern research indicates a more intricate interplay of cellular contributions from both branchial arches. This nuanced understanding underscores the importance of continued investigation into the embryonic development of the middle ear, as this may shed light not only on human anatomy but also on the evolutionary connections between mammals and other vertebrates. The ongoing exploration of these concepts is crucial for resolving the ambiguities surrounding the ossicular system's formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100965"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143848188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transforming ear anatomy education: Evaluating the impact of innovative teaching methods on medical students’ learning outcomes","authors":"B. Baro ,&nbsp;J. Gogoi ,&nbsp;T. Narzary ,&nbsp;G. Rabha ,&nbsp;R. Saloi ,&nbsp;S. Das","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The human ear is a complex organ, crucial for hearing and balance, divided into three main parts – the external, middle, and inner ear. Traditional teaching methods for ear anatomy, involving textbooks and lectures, often tend to be inadequate in conveying the three-dimensional relationships and intricate structures, leading to lower retention rates and limited understanding in students.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To evaluate the impact of low-cost innovative teaching methods on students’ perceptions of learning the intricate details of the inner and middle ear, comparing their perspectives before and after the instructional sessions.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>This study explores an innovative approach to teaching ear anatomy by incorporating temporal bone sections, ear ossicles, handmade 3D models of the middle and inner ear, and the use of an otoscope. The study involved first-year MBBS students from Diphu Medical College, Assam, India for the session 2023–2024 (<em>n</em> <!-->=<!--> <!-->100). Students were divided into small groups and engaged in hands-on sessions using these tools. The effectiveness of this approach was assessed through a Likert scale questionnaire. A Wilcoxon rank-sum test was employed to study the difference in responses of the cohort pre- and post-interactive classes. The response data were also correlated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The results indicated significant (<em>P</em> <!-->&lt;<!--> <!-->0.05) improvements in students’ understanding and retention of ear anatomy and its mechanism, with enhanced spatial comprehension and practical skills. This method demonstrated higher student satisfaction and confidence in explaining the structures compared to traditional teaching methods.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that incorporating interactive tools in anatomical education can significantly enhance learning outcomes, offering a more effective and engaging way to study complex anatomical structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100956"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143777631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Condylar volume comparison after rapid maxillary expansion by Haas and Hyrax in growing patients: A retrospective cross-sectional study","authors":"W. Dias Mendes ,&nbsp;P.C. da Silva Mira ,&nbsp;C.L. Bitencourt Reis ,&nbsp;C.A. Vargas Ramos ,&nbsp;S. Gollino ,&nbsp;L. Macedo de Menezes ,&nbsp;F. Azeredo ,&nbsp;S.C. Hallak Regalo ,&nbsp;M. Bernadete Sasso Stuani ,&nbsp;S. Siéssere","doi":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.morpho.2025.100953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study aimed to evaluate the condylar volume of growing patients after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) by Haas and Hyrax appliances.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective cross- sectional study assessed the records of patients diagnosed with transversal maxillary deficiency and with incomplete maturation of midpalatal suture. RME was performed with Haas or Hyrax appliances. Condylar volume was obtained by segmentation of DICOM images from cone-beam computerized tomographys before (T1) and after one year (T2) of RME. The results were compared between the experimental times, sex, and appliances by parametric tests (alpha<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->5%).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-seven patients were included (128<!--> <!-->±<!--> <!-->21 months old). There were no statistical differences in condylar volume between experimental times (T1 and T2), sex, and appliances to the right and left condyle (<em>P</em> <!-->&gt;<!--> <!-->0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>RME by Haas or Hyrax does not impact the condylar volume of growing patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39316,"journal":{"name":"Morphologie","volume":"109 366","pages":"Article 100953"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}