12mm wide parietal foramina: Morphological aspects and forensic application–A case report

Abstract

The enlarged parietal foramina (EPF) consist of a rare anatomical variation resulting from an autosomal dominant mutation, typically measuring over 5 mm. Although often asymptomatic, this condition can be relevant in forensic anthropology for both human identification and differential diagnosis. This case report describes the presence of bilateral EPF in the skull of an adult male discovered in an advanced state of decomposition in Central-Western Brazil. Each foramen measured approximately 12 mm and was detected during routine anthropological analysis. Potentially mimicking old gunshot wounds (especially when unilateral), the EPF was identified by its blunt margins, bilateral distribution in the parietal bone, and lack of macroscopically visible firearm residue and radiating fractures. This case underscores the importance of recognizing rare anatomical variants to avoid misinterpretation during medicolegal evaluations. When available, antemortem records may support its use as an identifying feature. The EPF remains an underreported condition, particularly in forensic settings, warranting further attention.